Disturbances of potassium-magnesium homeostasis in clinical practice: correction with a balanced solution of potassium and magnesium aspartate

General information

The human body is designed in such a way that as we age, all organs gradually wear out.
And in order for each organ to serve “without breakdowns” for as long as possible, it is important to ensure high-quality disease prevention. If we are talking about the most important organ - the heart, then prevention methods consist of giving up alcohol consumption and smoking, losing body weight, and normalizing lipid metabolism. However, in addition to the points described, the use of potassium and magnesium supplements will help prevent cardiovascular diseases and their complications. Why such medications are needed for the body, in what cases potassium and magnesium preparations are used, and why you need to consume foods containing magnesium and potassium will be discussed in the article below.

Hypokalemia: treatment

The main goal of therapy is to stop the body losing potassium. To do this, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of hypokalemia. At the same time, the deficiency is corrected.

Treatment of hypokalemia with potassium supplements is mandatory. For mild pathological processes, medications are usually prescribed in tablet form, for example, Asparkam or Panangin. In severe cases, intravenous solutions containing potassium chloride or potassium bicarbonate are required. However, intravenous infusions are contraindicated in patients whose problem is caused by impaired potassium redistribution (with the exception of familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis), since the risk of developing rebound hyperkalemia is high.

In some cases, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs - propafenone or amiodarone - is required to eliminate arrhythmia. In case of ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation is necessary.

What are the benefits of magnesium and potassium?

Potassium

Taking potassium supplements is very important for the prevention of heart and vascular diseases. After all, potassium in the body promotes the functioning of the conduction system of the heart and ensures the regulation of blood pressure . It is important to take medications containing potassium not only for the heart. This mineral determines the transmission of excitation from nerve cells to muscles and is responsible for maintaining water and electrolyte balance. By activating enzymes , potassium participates in the regulation of protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also takes part in the synthesis of proteins and the conversion of glucose into glycogen .

Potassium preparations in tablets help to activate urine flow.

Potassium is contained in tablets, the price of which is relatively low. However, some complex drugs have a higher cost.

You can replenish your reserves of this microelement by consuming foods high in it. A large amount of potassium is found in dried fruits (raisins and dried apricots), leafy greens, legumes, watermelons, melons, kiwi, etc. Slightly less of this trace element is found in potatoes, milk, and beef.

The adult body needs from 2 to 5 g of potassium per day from food (this depends on physical activity). However, it is important to know that approximately 90% of potassium is absorbed from food. This is provided that the absorption process occurs normally and there is no diarrhea or vomiting.

Magnesium

Magnesium in the body promotes the breakdown of glucose. It is involved in various enzymatic reactions that help increase cell stability and renewal. Due to the synthesis of B vitamins, magnesium improves the process of neuromuscular transmission. Therefore, magnesium preparations are indicated for various diseases. In particular, preparations with magnesium are effective for leg cramps.

If you take medications containing potassium, magnesium and calcium, vascular tone improves. Also, magnesium, when interacting with potassium, takes part in muscle contraction.

The use of magnesium is also advisable from the point of view that it activates the absorption of potassium and regulates the content of this trace element in the blood. The optimal ratio of potassium and magnesium in food is 2 to 1. This allows you to maintain the density of bone tissue and protect teeth from destruction.

Preparations containing magnesium are also taken “for the heart,” since this microelement stabilizes cell membranes, allowing potassium and chlorine ions to penetrate through them. This allows you to lower blood pressure and stabilize the heart rhythm.

The price of such drugs may vary. But it is not always necessary to take magnesium-containing medications. After all, a large amount of this microelement is found in food products - legumes, cereals, cabbage, seafood, fish, nuts, etc.

Magnesium is easily absorbed from consumed dairy products, although they contain relatively little of it. A person should receive 400 mg of this microelement per day.

IMPORTANCE OF POTASSIUM FOR CVS

Let's take a closer look at the effect of potassium on heart function. The electrical activity of myocardial cells depends on transmembrane ionic gradients, as well as on time- and voltage-dependent disturbances in the conduction of ionic currents. Electrolyte abnormalities can cause or facilitate the development of clinically significant arrhythmias even in normal cardiac tissue by modulating ion conduction through specific myocardial ion channels. The Na+ current into the cell upon activation of Na+ channels forms a phase of rapid depolarization in cardiomyocytes. As depolarization increases, permeability to Na+ decreases due to inactivation of Na+ channels, but channels for incoming Ca++ currents, which are necessary for the formation of the plateau phase, open. Subsequent activation of potassium channels leads to repolarization of the cardiomyocyte membrane to the level of the PP. Potassium, especially extracellular potassium, is the most important factor determining membrane PP. The electrophysiological effects of potassium depend not only on its extracellular concentration, but also on the direction (hypo- or hyperkalemia) and the rate of its change. Potassium ion channels are of primary importance for the regulation of the transmembrane potassium gradient. Potassium channels are transmembrane proteins that selectively allow potassium ions to pass through: potassium moves under the influence of an electrochemical gradient at a rate of 106 to 108 ions per second [1]. There are voltage-gated potassium channels and numerous channels that open for potassium ions or are blocked by various substances - ligands of the corresponding receptors. Such channels maintain the background conductivity of membranes for potassium ions and form the PP of excitable and non-excitable cells*. Hypokalemia (<3 mmol/L) reduces membrane permeability to potassium [24]. Thus, the conductance for the incoming (anomalous) potassium rectifying current is proportional to the square root of the extracellular potassium concentration [20, 21]. The dependence of the activation of the delayed (outgoing) rectifying current on the extracellular potassium concentration helps to understand why the AP duration is shorter at high potassium concentrations and longer at low potassium concentrations [31]. But the effects of potassium on the membrane PP are also modulated by the simultaneously created Ca++ concentrations. Their interaction is such that increased Ca++ levels reduce the depolarizing effect caused by increased potassium levels. In turn, low Ca++ levels attenuate the depolarization caused by hypokalemia.

Factors stimulating the transmembrane movement of potassium:

• from the cell to the extracellular space:

– acidosis; – stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors; – digitalis preparations;

• from the extracellular space into the cell:

– alkalosis; – stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptors; – insulin.

Damage to membrane phospholipids in the processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) also leads to disruption of the barrier function of the membrane and increased potassium loss by the cell. Activation of LPO occurs in pathological conditions such as dystrophy, inflammation, myocardial ischemia, etc.

What does excess magnesium and potassium lead to?

It is very important that a person takes magnesium- and potassium-containing drugs strictly according to indications and in the dosage prescribed by the doctor. You cannot choose a medicine by reading information about it or listening to the recommendations of a pharmacist. The most important thing is to never listen to harmful advice that large doses of such drugs can “strengthen the heart” and “improve blood vessels.”

Excess potassium

The maximum dose of potassium per day is 6 g. If a person consumes 14 g, his heart may stop. An initial excess of this mineral is possible if a person has:

• type 2 diabetes mellitus
• chronic renal failure ;
• extensive injuries with crushing tissue;
• consequences of exposure to radiation or the use of cytostatics.

If you consume high doses of this microelement over a long period of time, the consequence may be:

• heart rhythm disturbances;
• muscle weakness;
• anxiety, irritability;
• nausea, intestinal colic, vomiting, diarrhea ;
• diabetes;
• frequent urination.

Excess magnesium

The maximum daily dose of magnesium is 800 mg per day. An overdose is not fatal, but if it occurs, the following effects may occur:

• stones in the kidneys;
• chronic fatigue;
• psoriasis;
• hyperthyroidism.

Excessive magnesium retention is observed if a person suffers from chronic renal failure.

Causes of hypokalemia

A relative physiological cause of the development of potassium deficiency is considered to be insufficient intake of the macronutrient from food, which is often observed in people who follow strict diets or have a poor diet.

Pathological hypokalemia in children and adults occurs for various reasons:

• Gastrointestinal problems. The electrolyte balance is disrupted by various gastrointestinal pathologies, including profuse diarrhea or prolonged vomiting.
• Excessive intake of potassium into cells. Against the background of some pathologies occurring in the body, there is a movement of potassium ions from the intercellular space into the cells. This is possible with an excess of catecholamines, metabolic alkalosis (a shift in pH levels to the alkaline side), the use of large doses of insulin in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse, familial periodic paralysis, and an overdose of certain vitamins (for example, folic acid).
• Impaired renal tubular function. Due to this pathology, potassium transport is disrupted and its excretion increases. This is possible with renal acidosis, renal artery stenosis, Barter syndrome, interstitial nephritis.
• Hyperaldosteronism. The excretion of potassium ions by the kidneys stimulates aldosterone. The condition when the adrenal cortex secretes large amounts of aldosterone is called hyperaldosteronism. It can be primary, arising from an aldosterone-producing adrenal tumor, and secondary, caused by a renin-secreting tumor, chronic renal failure or renovascular hypertension due to occlusion of the renal artery.
• Endocrine disorders. Hypokalemia often develops with congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, and thyrotoxicosis.
• Treatment with certain medications. Most often, potassium deficiency occurs while taking thiazide and loop diuretics. Other drugs that can cause hypokalemia are bronchodilators, beta-agonists, some antibiotics (especially penicillins), tocolytics, theophylline, etc.

Other possible causes: use of a nasogastric tube, extensive burns, hypomagnesemia, hypernatremia, cirrhosis of the liver, lymphoblastic leukemia, diabetes insipidus.

Potassium and magnesium preparations for the heart and blood vessels

In modern pharmacology, potassium and magnesium tablets are offered in different versions, and their prices also vary. Potassium and magnesium preparations in tablets of varying prices are described below.

Panangin

This is an inexpensive remedy with potassium and magnesium, which many take as a medicine “for the heart.” After all, very often magnesium and potassium for the heart are taken for any problems with this organ, believing that this will help “support” the heart.

However, drugs with these components are not as harmless as many people think.

The main indication for the use of Panangin is the replacement of potassium losses when using diuretic drugs for the treatment of chronic heart failure or diuretics that do not conserve potassium. It is advisable to take Panangin when treating with Torasemide , Furosemide , Diacarb , etc.

If the patient is prescribed to take potassium-sparing diuretics, such as Amiloride , Triamterene , Veroshpiron , Triampur , etc., there is no need to use an additional product with this microelement. There is no need to take potassium-containing medications when taking Indapamide and Hypothiazide .

Panangin normalizes heart rhythm during ventricular arrhythmias . In the treatment of atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal tachycardia , it is usually used as an adjuvant. Along with antiarrhythmic drugs, Panangin is prescribed for atrial rhythm disturbances.

For the purpose of prevention, this drug is prescribed to elderly people who often have repeated attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia, extrasystole, and at the same time the level of potassium in the blood is very low. It is also advisable to take this medicine for unstable arterial hypertension or frequent attacks of angina .

Panangin reduces the severity of side effects when using cardiac glycosides and improves the tolerability of such drugs.

Panangin is contraindicated: for myasthenia gravis , acidosis , cardiogenic shock with low blood pressure, atrioventricular blockade, dehydration, hemolysis , metabolic disorders of magnesium and potassium. Nursing mothers and pregnant women should take it with caution.

When taking Panangin simultaneously with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, NSAIDs, cyclosporines, the risk of potassium overdose increases.

Cost – from 300 rubles. per pack 60 pcs.

Asparkam

The composition is similar to Panangin. Asparkam tablets have similar contraindications and side effects. The cost of the drug is from 50 rubles. for 20 pcs.

Also analogues of the drug Panangin are Pamaton , Asparkam , Potassium-magnesium aspartate - tablets and solution for infusion. If the body needs potassium or magnesium, a dropper is placed with this drug.

Orocamage

These are capsules of potassium and magnesium orotate. Orocamag is used as part of complex treatment of supraventricular extrasystole and unstable angina . Contraindications and side effects are the same as for Panangin. Orocamag is not prescribed to expectant mothers or nursing mothers.

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOKALEMIA

Hypokalemia leads to an increase (more electronegative value) of the membrane PP and, at least during electrical diastole, reduces membrane excitability due to an increase in the difference between the PP and the threshold potential. It is assumed that extracellular potassium is necessary for the opening of delayed rectifying current channels [31]. Low extracellular potassium levels reduce the delayed (outward) potassium current, leading to increased AP duration and slower repolarization. The most important here is the disruption of the AP configuration, especially the slowing down of the “slope” of the 3rd phase of repolarization. An AP with a long “tail” is formed, which leads to an increase in the relative refractory period (RPP) and a decrease in the difference between the AP and the threshold potential in the final phase of the AP. Therefore, the myocardium exhibits increased excitability and an associated tendency to ectopic activity during a significant portion of the AP. Conduction slows as depolarization begins in incompletely repolarized fibers. Moreover, hypokalemia lengthens the plateau phase in Purkinje fibers, but shortens it in ventricular fibers [10]. The repolarization phase (“tail”) of AP in the conduction system is prolonged more than in the ventricles, which increases the spread of repolarization. Hypokalemia accelerates diastolic depolarization in Purkinje fibers, thereby increasing automaticity. In total, the electrophysiological effects of hypokalemia are manifested in a decrease in conduction velocity, shortening of the effective refractory period (ERP), prolongation of the ORP, increased automaticity and early afterdepolarization.

ECG manifestations of hypokalemia:

• due to changes in repolarization:

– decrease in amplitude and expansion of the T wave; – noticeable wave U; – reduction of the ST segment; – fusion of T and U waves (with severe hypokalemia);

• due to conduction disorders:

– increase in the duration of the QRS complex; – atrioventricular block; – increase in amplitude and expansion of the P wave; – slight increase in the P–R interval; - cardiac arrest.

When the U wave exceeds the T wave in amplitude, the plasma potassium level is <3 mmol/L (see figure).

Magnesium preparations

Magnerot

These 500 mg tablets contain magnesium orotate dihydrate . Magnerot is used for a deficiency of magnesium in the body, for arrhythmia associated with such a deficiency, as well as in the treatment of atherosclerosis , endarteritis , chronic heart failure, muscle spasms, myocardial infarction , and metabolic disorders of fats.

Negative effects may include allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea , and appetite disturbances. Expectant mothers and women during lactation can use the product if they have a normal level of magnesium in their blood.

Contraindicated for use in people with urolithiasis, liver cirrhosis , renal failure, lactase deficiency, and impaired glucose absorption.

Cost – from 330 rubles. for 20 pcs.

Doppelhertz Active

Dietary supplement that combines two microelements. Indications for the use of Doppelhertz Active magnesium + potassium are the same as for the use of Magnerot.

Cost – from 360 rubles. for 30 tab.

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND ECG MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOMAGNESIEMIA

At very low extracellular calcium concentrations, magnesium affects the transmembrane current or currents that modulate the duration of the plateau phase of AP in the ventricles. It has been established that at normal calcium concentrations, magnesium deficiency has a negligible effect on the PP of the papillary muscle of the heart of dogs [11]. However, when the calcium concentration decreases to 1/10 of normal, complete removal of magnesium from the perfusion solution prolongs the plateau phase of AP, which was already prolonged due to low calcium concentration, from normal values ​​(100–150 ms) to 1000 ms or more. Magnesium blocks calcium channels, shifts the inactivation curve of fast sodium channels in the direction of hyperpolarization, modulates the effects of hyperkalemia, and modulates potassium currents. In a study in healthy patients, the following ECG effects of intravenous magnesium administration were noted: significant prolongation of the P–R interval; lengthening of the conduction interval from the atria to the His bundle; increase in sinoatrial conduction time; Elongation of the ERP in the atrioventricular node [16]. Hypermagnesemia reduces atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. Neither hypermagnesemia nor hypomagnesemia causes any specific ECG changes. Intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate to patients with a prolonged QT interval and torsade de pointes (TdP) may reverse ventricular tachycardia if baseline magnesium levels are normal or low. O. Takanaka et al. [28] studied the effects of magnesia and lidocaine on AP duration and barium-induced early afterdepolarization in canine Purkinje fibers. Their data confirm that hypomagnesemia can have an arrhythmogenic effect when combined with hypokalemia and bradycardia; under these conditions, the administration of magnesium can suppress trigger activity, mainly directly preventing the development of trigger APs. There were no specific electrophysiological effects or arrhythmias associated with isolated magnesium deficiency. However, magnesium may influence the development of cardiac arrhythmias through direct effects or by modulating the effects of potassium or acting as a calcium channel blocker. It is known that magnesium deficiency has a negative effect on the normal functioning of membrane ATPase, slowing down the transfer of sodium from the cell and potassium into the cell. This disrupts the transmembrane equilibrium of potassium and can lead to changes in membrane PP, changes in potassium transmembrane conductance, and disturbances in the repolarization phase [9]. There is evidence that dietary magnesium intake may have a moderate inverse correlation with the risk of developing coronary heart disease, particularly in men [5].

Medicines for seizures

Potassium and magnesium preparations are used for seizures . The manifestation of convulsions, tingling sensations, and “goosebumps” appear as a consequence of impaired neuromuscular transmission. Sometimes such manifestations are the consequences of a lack of magnesium in the body. A person becomes worse due to a lack of B vitamins , since this microelement is directly involved in their synthesis.

The development of muscle cramps occurs in the following cases:

• during dehydration;
• during treatment with laxatives or diuretics;
• with electrolyte disturbances due to diarrhea and vomiting;
• due to frequent bowel cleansing with an enema;
• during fasting.

Most often, cramps bother older people at night. During this period, involuntary twitching and numbness of one or both legs suddenly begin. This unpleasant phenomenon not only disrupts sleep, but also causes very unpleasant sensations. Most often this happens due to the following reasons:

• poisoning with aluminum, lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, beryllium;
• alcohol abuse;
• diabetes;
• resection of the small intestine, malabsorption in the small intestine;
• taking antitumor drugs, Gentamicin .

It is possible that spasms may occur not only in the limbs, but also in different muscle groups. Such manifestations are not uncommon during pregnancy, as well as in children - during the period when the child is actively growing.

Proper treatment, which includes medications with magnesium and vitamin B6 .

Magne B6

This is magnesium in tablets and in the form of a solution for oral use. The product contains magnesium lactate dihydrate (corresponding to 48 mg of divalent magnesium) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (B6).

Magne B6 is used for muscle spasms, a lack of this microelement, heart rhythm disturbances, spasms in the gastrointestinal tract, high excitability and irritability, and sleep problems.

How to take magnesium with B6 is indicated in the instructions. It is prescribed in courses, each of which lasts at least 4 weeks. You need to take 6-8 tablets per day in 3-4 doses. Both the solution and the tablets should be taken with food, washed down with liquid.

People with renal failure , fructose intolerance, and impaired absorption of sucrose and glucose should not be treated with Magne B6 Not prescribed to children under 6 years of age. The active components penetrate the placenta and are detected in milk, so it is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women to take the product.

You cannot combine its use with treatment with Levodopa .

Possible negative effects: vomiting, nausea, flatulence , diarrhea .

Poisoning with the drug is possible only if the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys decreases significantly. The consequences of poisoning are: a significant drop in blood pressure, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory depression, and irregular heartbeat.

Magnesium B6 costs in tablets depends on the manufacturer and the drug. Price Magnesium B6 in tablets – from 580 rub. for 30 pcs., in ampoules - from 530 rubles. for 10 pcs. There are also a number of analogues of the drug Magne B6. These medications are Magnesium B6 forte , Magne Express Sachet , Systematic Magnesium+B6 , Magnelis B6 .

Magnistad

These are vitamins with magnesium, which include magnesium lactate dihydrate (470 mg) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (5 mg). These magnesium-containing vitamins are maximally absorbed due to the presence of a coating that dissolves in the intestines.

All negative effects, indications and contraindications are similar to the same points in the instructions for Magna B6.

The cost of Magnistad is from 325 rubles. for 50 pcs.

Medicines containing calcium and potassium

Home Medical Encyclopedia Medicines Medicines that primarily affect tissue metabolic processes

ASPARCAM (Asparcamum)

Pharmachologic effect. Eliminates electrolyte imbalance (impaired ionic composition) in the body, promotes the penetration of potassium and magnesium ions into the intracellular space. It is close in composition and action to panangin.

Indications for use. Heart failure, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia (heart rhythm disturbance), hypokalemia (low potassium level in the blood).

Method of administration and dose. 1-2 tablets 3 times a day after meals for 3-4 weeks. The course of treatment can be repeated.

Side effect. Patients suffering from anacid gastritis (inflammation of the stomach, accompanied by a lack of hydrochloric acid secretion) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) may experience discomfort or a burning sensation in the epigastric region.

Contraindications. Acute and chronic kidney failure, hyperkalemia (increased potassium content in the blood), impaired atrioventricular conduction (impaired passage of excitation through the conduction system of the heart).

Release form. Tablets in a package of 50 pieces. A mixture of potassium aspartate and magnesium aspartate, 0.175 g each.

Storage conditions. In a place protected from light.

HYDROXYAPATITE (Hydroxyapatite)

Pharmachologic effect. The drug is the basis of the inorganic matrix of bone tissue. It is characterized by biocompatibility with human tissues and does not cause a rejection reaction. Stimulates osteogenesis

(formation of bone tissue), after filling the bone cavities, it does not resolve or harden, but is replaced by full-fledged bone tissue.

Indications for use. As a component of dental filling pastes, for filling root canals in the treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis (inflammatory diseases of the teeth), treatment of periodontitis (inflammation of the bone tissue surrounding the tooth root), when replacing bone defects with allografts (donor bone), for replacing bone defects after extraction cysts, resection (removal) of the apex of the tooth root, filling of various intraosseous cavities, etc.

Method of administration and dose. The drug in powder form is mixed on glass with sterile saline solution, ethylene glycol or an oil solution of retinol acetate to a paste consistency in compliance with the rules of asepsis (a set of measures aimed at preventing bacterial contamination of the powder). To fill root canals, the paste is prepared with eugenol; if eugenol is incompatible with filling materials, it is prepared with saline solution. For better radiopacity, add 50% zinc oxide. Further actions after applying the paste do not differ from the generally accepted ones. To prevent complications, the paste is removed beyond the apex of the tooth root.

The drug in the form of granules is used to fill bone pockets with a depth of 5 to 1 mm in case of periodontitis. To do this, the bone pocket prepared during the flap operation is tightly filled with granules to the level of the preserved bone of the alveolar process, the wound is sutured, and postoperative management is traditional. Filling of bone cavities with granules after sequestrectomy (removal of dead bone tissue), resection of the apex of the tooth root, etc. is carried out as when using other materials.

In surgery, during bone grafting, to enhance the osseointegrative properties of the graft (the ability of the transplanted bone tissue to mix with its own bone tissue), to prevent its rapid resorption and to reduce the inflammatory reaction, the drug is used to fill the places of incomplete adhesion and unevenness between the grafts and the receiving bone bed.

The drug in the form of powder or granules (sterile) in the intended volume is moistened with sterile saline to the consistency of a thick paste and the areas of loose fit between the grafts and along the graft are filled with a trowel. The wound is sutured layer by layer. Postoperative management of the patient is traditional.

Sterilization of the drug can be carried out an unlimited number of times in a drying cabinet at a temperature of + 150'C for 10-15 minutes.

Contraindications. Individual intolerance.

Release form. Powder or granules.

Storage conditions. In a dry place.

FOAMING POTASSIUM (Kalium)

Pharmachologic effect. A potassium preparation used to replenish potassium deficiency in cases of hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the blood) of various origins. Potassium is involved in maintaining intracellular osmotic pressure; in the process of conducting nerve impulses and transmitting them to innervated organs; contraction of skeletal muscles; processes of glucogenesis (glucose formation) and glycolysis (glucose breakdown without oxygen consumption) in the liver; synthesis of proteins and phospholipids.

Indications for use. Hypokalemia of various origins: lack of potassium due to insufficient intake into the body, for example, with decreased appetite, monotonous diet; loss of potassium in various diseases: diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, diarrhea, surgical fistula (a surgically created channel connecting body cavities or hollow organs with the external environment or with each other) of the small intestine and/or bile ducts, acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas glands), nephropathies (kidney diseases), chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, hyperaldosteronism (edema, fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, increased blood pressure associated with increased aldosterone levels); loss of potassium caused by drug therapy (diuretics, glucocorticosteroids, uncontrolled use of laxatives).

Method of administration and dose. The dosage regimen is set individually depending on the degree of hypokalemia. The daily dose is from 1 to 4 sachets. Open the sachet and dissolve its contents in 100 ml of water. Take after foaming stops.

Side effect. In rare cases, allergic reactions.

Contraindications. Severe hypovolemia (decrease in circulating blood volume), burn disease, “crash” syndrome (poisoning of the body by metabolic products of compressed or crushed tissues due to injury), diabetic ketoacidosis (acidification due to excess levels of ketone bodies in the blood associated with increased sugar levels in the blood). blood), severe renal dysfunction, pancreatic necrosis (death of pancreatic tissue). Caution should be exercised when prescribing the drug to patients with impaired renal function. The simultaneous use of other potassium preparations and potassium-sparing diuretics is not recommended.

Release form. Dry substance for preparing an effervescent drink in bags of 10 pieces. 1 sachet contains 1.18 g of potassium in the form of potassium citrate and potassium carbonate.

Storage conditions. In a dry place.

Kalinor

Pharmachologic effect. The drug replenishes the deficiency (lack) of potassium and prevents the development of hypo. kalemia (low potassium levels in the blood) in the body.

Indications for use. Severe hypokalemia (low potassium content in the blood - 3.2 mmol/l), especially with simultaneously observed metabolic acidosis (acidification due to metabolic disorders). Neuromuscular disorders or cardiac arrhythmias caused by hypokalemia, therapy with cardiac glycosides. Prevention of hypokalemia during ketoacidosis (acidification due to excess ketone bodies in the blood).

Method of administration and dose. Take 1-3 effervescent tablets per day. The dose depends on the potassium deficiency being replaced, with 50-100 mmol per day generally being sufficient. You should not take more than 100-150 mmol per day. A single dose should not exceed 40 mmol of potassium, which corresponds to one tablet. Dissolve the effervescent tablet in a glass of water (100-200 ml) and drink in small sips for 10-15 minutes while eating. The daily dose - 2 or more tablets - should be evenly distributed. Continuous use of the drug is recommended for the entire period as long as hypokalemia persists.

Side effect. Nausea, vomiting, belching, heartburn, flatulence (accumulation of gases in the intestines), stomach pain, diarrhea. Allergic reactions in the form of itching of the skin, swelling of the face.

Contraindications. Diseases that are often accompanied by hyperkalemia (increased potassium levels in the blood): dehydration, decreased kidney excretory function, Addison's disease (insufficient adrenal function), Hamstorp syndrome (a form of paralysis associated with increased potassium levels in the blood).

Release form. Pills. One effervescent tablet contains: 2.17 g of potassium citrate monohydrate, 2 g of potassium acid carbonate, 2.057 g of citric acid.

Storage conditions. In a dry place, protected from light.

POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM-ASPARAGINATE (Kalii-Magnesii-asparaginat)

Pharmachologic effect. An infusion solution that replenishes potassium and magnesium deficiency.

Indications for use. Heart failure, myocardial infarction, intoxication (poisoning) with cardiac glycosides, heart rhythm disturbances; hypokalemia (lowering the level of potassium in the blood) during therapy with saluretics (diuretics that enhance the excretion of sodium and chlorine - see page 296), laxatives, steroid hormones, chronic vomiting, prolonged diarrhea, etc.

Method of administration and dose. Intravenously, 1-2 infusions per day of 500 ml at a rate of 20-25 drops per minute. During the week before cardiac surgery and during the week after surgery, 500 ml is infused daily.

Side effect. Symptoms of hyperkalemia (increased potassium in the blood) and hypermagnesemia (increased magnesium in the blood) - with an increased infusion rate.

Contraindications. Severe renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, atrioventricular block (impaired conduction of excitation through the conduction system of the heart), myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness), fructose and sorbitol intolerance, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase deficiency, methyl alcohol poisoning.

Release form. Solution in 500 ml bottles. 1 liter of solution contains DL-aspartic acid 15.16 g, potassium hydroxide 3.9 g, magnesium oxide 1.116 g and xylitol 16.7 g. Calorie content About kcal/l (461.4 kJ/l). The total nitrogen content is 1.56 g/l.

Storage conditions. In a cool place, protected from light.

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KaSH chloridum)

Synonyms: Potassium chloride, Potassium chloride, Potassium hydrochloride.

Pharmachologic effect. Potassium is a major intracellular ion that plays an important role in regulating body functions.

Indications for use. Heart rhythm disturbances (atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia), intoxication (poisoning) after administration of cardiac glycosides and diuretics (diuretics - see page 296), lack of potassium in the body, including during treatment with corticosteroids, etc.

Method of administration and dose. Orally in the form of a 10% solution, 15-20 ml 3-4 times a day (if necessary, the single dose is increased to 60-120 ml), intravenously drip up to 2.5 g in 500 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or in 5% glucose solution .

Side effect. Paresthesia (feeling of numbness in the limbs), in rare cases a paradoxical reaction

(increased number of extrasystoles / heart rhythm disturbances /), when taken orally, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Contraindications. Impaired renal excretory function, complete heart block; Caution is necessary in case of disturbances of atrioventricular conduction (conduction of excitation through the conduction system of the heart).

Release form. Powder.

Storage conditions. In a well-closed container.

Potassium chloride is also included in the drug Adelphan-Ezidrex K.

CALCIUM + ASCORBIC ACID

Synonyms: Calcium-C 1000 Sandoz, Calcium S, Lekovit S-Sa.

Pharmachologic effect. A drug that replenishes the lack of vitamin C and calcium mineral in the body. Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) increases the body's resistance to infections, is necessary for the formation of collagen and reparative (restorative) processes in tissues, normalizes vascular permeability, plays an important role in the biological processes of oxidation and reduction, as well as in cellular respiration. Calcium is an essential mineral element necessary to maintain the balance of electrons in the body and the adequate functioning of numerous regulatory mechanisms (muscle excitability and contractility, blood clot formation, bone mineralization, etc.).

Indications for use. Increased need for calcium and vitamin C (period of intensive growth in childhood and adolescence, during pregnancy and lactation, during physical and psychological stress). Calcium and vitamin C deficiency; maintenance therapy for infectious diseases (influenza, acute respiratory / respiratory system / viral infections, etc.) and during the period of convalescence (recovery). Elderly age.

Method of administration and dose. Adults and children over 7 years of age are prescribed 1-5 tablets per day. Children from 3 to 7 years old - 2-2 tablets per day.

In children under 3 years of age, the drug is used only as prescribed by a doctor. With long-term use of the drug, especially with a high calcium content, it is necessary to monitor the level of calcium and potassium in the blood and calcium in the urine.

Side effect. Rarely - nausea, flatulence (accumulation of gases in the intestines), diarrhea (diarrhea); shortness of breath, feeling of heat. When taking large doses - headache, fatigue, indigestion, thirst, polyuria (profuse urination).

Contraindications. Hypercalcemia (increased calcium levels in the blood), nephrolithiasis (renal stone disease), nephrocalcinosis (a disease accompanied by the accumulation of insoluble calcium salts in the kidney tissue), severe renal dysfunction.

Release form. Effervescent tablets containing 0.26 g of ionized calcium and 1 g of ascorbic acid. Effervescent tablets containing calcium lactate and ascorbic acid 500 mg each, calcium carbonate 165.6 mg each, in a package of 12 pieces. Effervescent tablets containing 0.6 g of calcium carbonate (=0.24 g of ionized calcium) and 0.5 g of ascorbic acid.

Storage conditions. In a dry, cool place.

CALCIUM GLUCONATE (Calcii gluconas)

Synonyms: Calcium gluconic.

Pharmachologic effect. Close to calcium chloride, but less irritating.

Indications for use. Used in the same cases as calcium chloride.

Method of administration and dose. Orally before meals, 1-3 g 2-3 times a day; children from 0.5 g to 2-3 g 2-3 times a day. Intramuscularly and intravenously (slowly) inject 5-10 ml of a 10% solution daily or after 1-2 days; for children only intravenously, depending on age, from 1 to 5 ml of a 10% solution every 2-3 days.

Side effect. With parenteral (bypassing the digestive tract) administration, in rare cases, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, slow pulse.

Contraindications. Hypercalcemia (increased calcium levels in the blood), atherosclerosis, tendency to thrombosis (formation of a blood clot in a vessel).

Release form. Powder; tablets of 0.5 g in a package of 10 pieces; ampoules of 10 ml of 10% solution in a package of 10 pieces.

Storage conditions. In a well-closed container.

Calcium gluconate is also included in the preparation algipor.

CALCIUM LACTATE (Calcii lactas)

Synonyms: Calcium lactic acid.

Pharmachologic effect. The drug compensates for the deficiency of calcium ions.

Indications for use. Calcium lactate is used orally in the same cases as calcium chloride and calcium gluconate (see pp. 495, 496).

Compared to chloride, calcium lactate is better tolerated because it does not irritate the mucous membrane. Compared to calcium gluconate, it is more effective when administered orally, as it contains a higher percentage of calcium.

Method of administration and dose. Take calcium lactate orally at 0.5-1.0 g per dose in powders, tablets or in a 5-10% aqueous solution (dissolved in hot water) 2-3 times a day.

Side effect. Not noted.

Contraindications. Not identified.

Release form. Tablets of 0.5 g in a package of 10 pieces.

Storage conditions. In a well-closed container.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE (Calcii chloridum)

Synonyms: Calcium chloride, Crystalline calcium chloride.

Pharmachologic effect. Calcium plays an important role in the functioning of the body. Calcium ions are necessary for the process of transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles, activity of the heart muscle, formation of bone tissue, blood clotting, as well as for the normal functioning of other organs and systems.

A reduced calcium content in the blood plasma is observed in a number of pathological conditions. Severe hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in the blood) leads to the development of tetany (convulsions).

Correction of hypocalcemia is carried out with the help of calcium supplements, as well as hormonal drugs (see potassium tonin - p. 543, parathyroidin - p. 545), ergokaliferol, etc.

Indications for use. In case of insufficient function of the parathyroid glands, accompanied by tetany or spasmophilia (a disease in children associated with a decrease in the content of calcium ions in the blood and alkalinization of the blood). With increased release of calcium from the body, which can occur during prolonged immobilization of patients. For allergic diseases (serum sickness, urticaria, angioedema, hay fever, etc.) and allergic complications associated with taking medications. The mechanism of the antiallergic effect is unclear; however, it should be noted that intravenous administration of calcium salts causes excitation of the sympathetic nervous system and increased secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal glands. As a means of reducing vascular permeability in hemorrhagic vasculitis (hemorrhage due to inflammation of the walls of blood vessels), radiation sickness, inflammatory and exudative processes (release of protein-rich fluid from small vessels of tissue) - pneumonia (pneumonia), pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane covering lungs and lining the wall of the chest cavity), adnexitis (inflammation of the uterine appendages), endometritis (inflammation of the inner surface of the uterus), etc. For skin diseases (itching, eczema, psoriasis, etc.). For parenchymal hepatitis (inflammation of liver tissue), toxic liver damage (damage to the liver by harmful substances), nephritis (inflammation of the kidney), eclampsia (severe form of late toxicosis of pregnancy), hyperkalemic form of paroxysmal myoplegia (paroxysmal / periodically occurring / paralysis occurring with an increase in the content of potassium in the blood).

Also used as a hemostatic agent for pulmonary, gastrointestinal, nasal, and uterine bleeding; in surgical practice, it is sometimes administered before surgery to increase blood clotting. However, there is no sufficiently reliable data on the hemostatic (hemostatic) effect of calcium salts introduced into the body from the outside; Calcium ions are necessary for blood clotting, but the amount of calcium normally contained in blood plasma exceeds the amount required to convert prothrombin into thrombin (one of the blood clotting factors).

It is also used as an antidote for poisoning with magnesium salts (see magnesium sulfate - page 197), oxalic acid and its soluble salts, as well as soluble salts of fluoric acid (when interacting with calcium chloride, non-dissociating / non-disintegrating / and non-toxic calcium oxalate and fluoride are formed ).

The drug is also used in combination with other methods and means to stimulate labor.

When taken orally (8-10 g) it has a diuretic (diuretic) effect; According to the mechanism of action, it belongs to acid-forming diuretics (diuretics - see ammonium chloride).

Method of administration and dose. Calcium chloride is prescribed orally, intravenously by drip (slowly), intravenously by stream (very slowly!), and also administered by electrophoresis (percutaneous administration of medicinal substances through an electric current).

Taken orally after meals in the form of a 5-10% solution 2-3 times a day. Adults are prescribed 10-15 ml per dose (dessert or tablespoon of solution); children - 5-10 ml (teaspoon or dessert spoon).

6 drops per minute are injected into a vein, diluting before administration with 5-10 ml of a 10% solution in 100-200 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution. 5 ml of a 10% solution is injected intravenously slowly (over 3-5 minutes).

For the treatment of allergic diseases, the combined use of calcium chloride and antihistamines is recommended.

Side effect. When taking calcium chloride orally, pain in the epigastric region and heartburn are possible; when administered into a vein - bradycardia (decreased heart rate); Rapid injection may cause fibrillation

ventricles of the heart (chaotic contractions of the heart muscle). With intravenous administration of calcium chloride, a feeling of heat appears first in the mouth, and then throughout the body. This feature of the drug was previously used to determine the speed of blood flow; The time between the moment of its introduction into the vein and the appearance of a feeling of heat was determined.

Contraindications. Calcium chloride solutions cannot be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, as they cause severe irritation and necrosis (death) of tissue.

Calcium chloride is contraindicated in cases of a tendency to thrombosis (blockage of a vessel with a blood clot), advanced atherosclerosis, or increased calcium levels in the blood.

Release form. Powder in small, well-sealed glass jars with a stopper filled with paraffin; 10% solution in ampoules of 5 and 10 ml; 5% and 10% solutions for oral administration.

Storage conditions. Powder - in a dry place.

Calcium chloride is also included in the preparations: hemostatic sponge with Ambien, antiseptic sponge with kanamycin.

PANANGIN

Pharmachologic effect. A preparation containing potassium aspartate and magnesium aspartate. It is assumed that aspartate is a carrier of potassium and magnesium ions and promotes their penetration into the intracellular space. Entering cells, aspartate is included in metabolic processes (metabolism). Magnesium ions contribute to the therapeutic effect of the drug.

Indications for use. Used for cardiac arrhythmias (heart rhythm disturbances), caused mainly by electrolyte disturbances (disturbances in ionic composition), primarily hypokalemia (decreased potassium levels in the blood). The drug is indicated for rhythm disturbances associated with intoxication (poisoning) with digitalis preparations, for paroxysms of atrial fibrillation (atrial rhythm disturbance), recently appeared ventricular extrasystole (disturbance of the ventricular rhythm of the heart).

Panangin is used in the treatment of coronary insufficiency (discrepancy between the heart's need for

oxygen and its delivery). There is evidence of a decrease under the influence of the drug in hypoxic (caused by insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissue or impaired absorption of it) disorders of myocardial metabolism (metabolism of the heart muscle) associated with the deterioration of coronary / cardiac / blood circulation and hypokalemia (decrease in the level of potassium in the blood) caused by the use of saluretic drugs (diuretics that enhance the excretion of sodium and chlorine).

Method of administration and dose. Usually prescribed orally, 1-2 tablets 3 times a day, and in more severe cases (with coronary circulation disorders, intolerance to digitalis drugs, etc.) - 3 tablets 3 times a day. After 2-3 weeks. reduce the dose to 1 tablet 2-3 times a day. In relatively mild cases, 1 tablet is prescribed immediately, 2-3 times a day. Take after meals. To relieve (relieve) attacks of arrhythmias, a panangin solution is administered intravenously, for which the contents of 1 ampoule (10 ml) are diluted in 20-30 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution and injected slowly into a vein or the contents of 1-2 ampoules are diluted in 250 -500 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution and injected into a vein by drip. If necessary, you can add a solution of strophanthin or other cardiac glycosides (see pages 135, 130).

Side effect. When using the drug, nausea and dizziness are possible (when administered into a vein). For patients complaining of dizziness, reduce the dose.

Contraindications. The drug is contraindicated in acute and chronic kidney failure and hyperkalemia (increased potassium levels in the blood). In case of rhythm disturbances in combination with atrioventricular block (impaired conduction of excitation through the conduction system of the heart), it is not recommended to prescribe the drug.

Release form. Available in the form of dragees and ampoules. One dragee contains 0.158 g of potassium aspartate (corresponding to 36.2 mg of potassium ion) and 0.14 g of magnesium aspartate (11.8 mg of magnesium ion); one ampoule (10 ml) contains 0.452 potassium aspartate (103.3 mg of potassium ion) and 0.4 g of magnesium aspartate (33.7 mg of magnesium ion).

Storage conditions. In a dry place, protected from light.

Vitamins with potassium and magnesium

In every pharmacy on the shelves you can see numerous names of vitamins with magnesium and potassium. Vitamins, which also contain microelements, are widely produced and used for various conditions and diseases.

Popular products are Makrovit , Duovit , Vitrum , Teravit , Complivit , etc. They contain not only potassium, magnesium and potassium in the tablets, but also other microelements and vitamins necessary for the human body.

Composition of potassium preparations

The main active ingredient of the drugs is potassium salts. But it is important to pay attention to the form in which they are contained here. The amount of pure potassium will depend on this. Its 1 gram is contained in: • 2 grams of potassium chloride; • 3.3 grams of potassium citrate; • 6 grams of potassium gluconate; • 4.4 grams of potassium orotate. Potassium can be contained in preparations as an independent active ingredient and in combination with other components that are no less important for the body. Which composition option to choose should be decided together with the appropriate specialist - a nutritionist. This is the only way to achieve the desired result.

Other drugs

Magnesia (Magnesium sulfate)

A medicine with an antihypertensive effect that effectively reduces the swelling of the vascular walls, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. For a long time, magnesia was used as a medicine to relieve hypertensive crises. It was also used for this purpose for expectant mothers.

Currently, magnesia is primarily used as a medicine that effectively reduces intracranial pressure . To do this, it is administered intramuscularly.

Magnesia powder is a laxative that stimulates the passage of bile . As a result, bile acids have a laxative effect. At one time, many people practiced so-called liver tubages . This procedure consisted of the following: it was necessary to take magnesium sulfate and lie on the right side, placing a heating pad under it to increase the passage of bile. Currently, such actions are no longer practiced, since the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid in this case is more pronounced.

Magnesia is used intravenously during pregnancy to reduce edema, as well as to reduce the tone of the uterus.

In addition, drugs with magnesium and potassium are included in polarizing mixtures, which modern anesthesiologists do not consider seriously.

Properties of drugs

Potassium preparations have numerous properties that are valuable for the body of an ordinary person and an athlete. They are as follows: • stabilization of heart function, reduction of myocardial excitability and conductivity; • strengthening blood vessels and increasing their permeability; • stabilization of blood pressure in vessels; • increasing the elasticity of bone tissue; • increased muscle contractility; • stimulation of enzyme functionality; • normalization of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses; • restoration of proper kidney function; • maintaining healthy skin; • normalization of water balance in the body; • effective cleansing of the body from accumulated toxins; • ensuring proper oxygen supply to the brain and all organs and body systems; • neutralization of the negative effects of sodium on the body when it is in excess; • increasing the body's endurance, facilitating easier perception of intense physical activity; • improved appetite; • normalization of liver function; • reducing the period of recovery of the body after various diseases. Another important point: potassium has a very useful assistant, such as sodium. Together, these components have the following effect: sodium retains fluid in the body, potassium pumps it into muscle cells. Due to this, a beautiful muscle relief is formed and active muscle growth is stimulated. That is why potassium supplements are widely used among professional athletes. They are used no less frequently than carbohydrates and proteins, which are also very popular and are available in the form of numerous sports supplements. Due to its numerous beneficial properties, potassium preparations have become widespread and are also often used in complex therapy of various pathologies. But it is important to take the medications correctly in order to achieve maximum effect and eliminate the development of side effects.

How many microelements are contained in foods?

To eliminate the deficiency of these elements, you should include foods rich in potassium and magnesium in your diet. For your heart, it is recommended to eat some foods containing potassium and magnesium.

You can find out which foods contain magnesium and potassium from the table below. The list of foods containing a lot of these microelements is quite wide. And everyone can choose the optimal source of these elements for themselves. But provided that the nutrition is complete and absorption occurs normally, a deficiency of these elements should not develop.

The table of foods containing potassium and magnesium informs you which foods contain the maximum amount. Indicators are given in mg per 100 g of product. So, what contains the maximum of these elements?

When potassium supplements are ineffective and why (contraindications)

Despite the effectiveness of correcting pathological conditions associated with potassium deficiency by administering drugs containing the element, there are cases where there are no positive results from such therapy. The problem is a primary deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream due to illness or improper behavior of the person.

Therefore, before prescribing drugs with potassium, it is necessary to accurately establish the cause of its deficiency in the bloodstream. Electrolyte can be removed outside the bloodstream in the following cases:

• nutritional errors: eating insufficient quantities of foods containing potassium (80% of cases): mushrooms, peaches, dried apricots, nuts, dairy products, potatoes, bananas, seaweed, spinach, parsley, soy, cilantro, buckwheat, legumes - on the background excessive salt intake (more than 5 g/day);
• problems with the digestive system - malabsorption, subject to treatment (10% of cases);
• hormonal imbalance in the body: pregnancy (especially multiple births), menopause, puberty, menstruation, taking contraceptives (7%);
• long-term use of diuretics: the only way to correct the condition is to stop taking medications (3%).

Potassium supplements can be recommended only after solving the problem with the root cause of the deficiency of the element.

The simultaneous administration of drugs with potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone, Triamterene, Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamtezide) poses a fatal threat.

conclusions

Preparations containing these two microelements are of great auxiliary value in the treatment of various diseases. But, above all, they are important as a means of replacement treatment for a lack of magnesium and potassium in the body.

It is a mistake to believe that such drugs are drugs for the heart, and these drugs cannot be taken uncontrolled. Any list of heart pills should be prescribed by a doctor after a comprehensive study, and heart vitamins in tablets are an auxiliary product that is also taken as prescribed by a doctor as part of a comprehensive treatment.

Diagnosis of hypokalemia

Arrhythmic pulse and muscle hypotension are the main symptoms that suggest hypokalemia. To confirm the diagnosis, the following examinations are prescribed:

• Lab tests. A study of the acid-base state of the blood, determination of the content of potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, urea and creatinine is required. Urine is examined for the presence of chlorine and its density is determined.
• Hormonal spectrum. A number of hormone tests are performed, including cortisol and aldosterone.
• Electrocardiography (ECG). With hypokalemia, the patient exhibits prolongation of the QT interval and the appearance of a U wave, and sometimes ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation.

Additionally, if necessary, ultrasound, CT, MRI, echocardiography, angiography are performed.

Differential diagnosis is carried out with hyperkalemia, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Interaction with other microelements

Vitamin D helps absorb calcium.

Interaction of magnesium with potassium and calcium. Magnesium cooperates with other trace elements in the body, being a conductor and a necessary condition for the absorption of other important substances.

Together with potassium and sodium, magnesium is responsible for the energetic work of the heart muscle. Its deficiency threatens the appearance of ventricular arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and weakening of the heart rhythm. A lack of magnesium is manifested by cramps of the limbs and involuntary trembling of the hands.

Magnesium is also beneficial for the heart because it ensures the cleanliness of blood vessels and their good conductivity, which eliminates the risks of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol levels are supported by lecithin in the body. It is formed under the influence of vitamin B6. Its production is activated by magnesium. It is able to relieve spasm of the muscles of the walls of blood vessels, maintaining the conductivity of arteries and veins.

This helps maintain normal blood pressure. Calcium and magnesium interact closely in the body. Calcium causes muscle contraction, and magnesium relaxes them. So, without these two microelements it is impossible to maintain muscle tone. Without magnesium, calcium is poorly absorbed by cells.

Magne B6

You can buy Magne B6 in two forms: tablets and oral solution. Let's consider the second option - Magne B6 in ampoules (but they are not injected, but drunk). The magnesium ampoule needs to be shaken, broken and poured into a cup of water. This magnesium is presented in the form of lactate. You need to take three to four of these ampoules a day. This drug is suitable not only for prevention, but also for quickly replenishing magnesium deficiency in the body. Magne B6 ampoules are a brownish liquid with a subtle caramel odor. This magnesium supplement is prescribed for gastrointestinal spasms, rapid heartbeat, pain and tingling in the muscles, irritability and mood swings. If a blood test reveals a lack of magnesium, Magne B6 in ampoules will quickly solve the problem. It is this form of the drug that is prescribed for laboratory-confirmed lack of magnesium in the blood. Magne B6 is often prescribed during pregnancy when there is malnutrition. Adults take up to four ampoules of magnesium per day (the dosage for children is calculated by the pediatrician, based on the baby’s weight). Once magnesium has returned to normal, the drug is well tolerated, acts quickly, and can be prescribed to small children. The relative disadvantages of Magne B6 are the price and the fact that the product is in ampoules. "Magne B6" is contraindicated in case of renal failure and while taking certain drugs for the treatment of parkinsonism.

Magne-B6

Sanofi-Winthrop Industries, Hungary

Magne B6 is based on a vital element present in all tissues and organs - magnesium.
This component takes an active part in all metabolic processes, including the transmission of impulses to nerve cells. The body primarily obtains magnesium from food. Its deficiency can occur in the event of an incorrect diet, for example, during diets, if the need for magnesium has sharply increased. The latter can happen during mental and physical stress, pregnancy, stress, and the use of diuretics. from 564

4.0 1 review

2060

• Like
• Write a review

What does magnesium do in the body?

1. Magnesium is necessary to provide the cell with energy.
2. Without magnesium, B vitamins and vitamin C cannot be synthesized (that is, without magnesium, these vitamins do not enter the body).
3. Magnesium interacts with calcium, strengthening bones, magnesium is necessary for muscle tone, it eliminates cramps and joint pain.
4. Magnesium makes blood vessels strong, reduces blood pressure and regulates heart contractions (necessary for normal rhythm).
5. Magnesium reacts with insulin, helping it penetrate cells, thereby regulating glucose levels.
6. Magnesium helps skin heal after cuts and burns.

This is not a complete list of processes involving magnesium, but it is sufficient to understand how necessary the microelement is for our body.

Magnesium helps:

• in the prevention of headaches;
• cope with insomnia, stress and fatigue;
• relax the muscles;
• cope with depression faster;
• work of the musculoskeletal system;
• keep bones and teeth healthy. Read also How to strengthen the immune system: top 10 vitamins for schoolchildren The best vitamins for schoolchildren. Increases physical and mental endurance, strengthens the immune system, nervous system, bones and teeth.

Magnerot

Magnerot is a magnesium orotate that is usually prescribed to patients with cardiac problems, although the drug can be taken for other symptoms of magnesium deficiency. “Magnerot” is indicated for people who have had a heart attack, with coronary heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, muscle pain, atherosclerosis, and lipid metabolism disorders. Magnerot is not cheap and has the same contraindications as previous drugs. In addition, Magnerot should not be taken if you have cirrhosis of the liver or urolithiasis. You need to take the drug 6 tablets per day (for a week). Then - one tablet three times a day.

Magnerot

Woerwag Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Magnerot is a magnesium preparation containing magnesium orotate dihydrate.
Magnesium is a macroelement that takes part in energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the metabolism of nucleic acids. Magnesium inhibits neuromuscular transmission by regulating neuromuscular excitation. Magnesium is a natural calcium antagonist, takes part in the regulation of myocardial contractile function, and is necessary to maintain normal cardiomyocyte function. from 218

4.8 10 reviews

1903

• Like
• Write a review

Injectable drugs

To speed up the action of potassium-containing drugs, they are administered by injection. The drug of choice can be considered Potassium chloride (solution from 4% to 10%), which is used to normalize electrolyte metabolism in emergency cases: acute poisoning, infections accompanied by diarrhea, uncontrolled polyuria, hormonal imbalances, overdose of cardiac glycosides. The administration is always controlled by a blood test for electrolyte composition in order to understand the effectiveness of therapy and avoid side effects. Cost – 45 rubles.

An analogue can be considered the combined drug Potassium-magnesium aspartate, which is used for the same indications (129 rubles).

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency

Here are at least 12 signs that you have a magnesium deficiency:

1. Weakness. Since magnesium is involved in energy production, its deficiency immediately affects physical condition.
2. Muscle twitching or spasms. Since magnesium helps muscles relax, its deficiency provokes involuntary contraction. If there were no magnesium in the body, our muscles would be constantly tense.
3. Frequent headaches. Due to a lack of magnesium, serotonin levels decrease, hence vasospasm and a negative effect on the functioning of neurotransmitters. All this combined causes a headache.
4. Insomnia. A lack of magnesium can cause sleep problems, especially if you are under stress. Stress hormones increase blood pressure and heart contractions.
5. Irregular heartbeat. Due to a lack of magnesium, problems with heart rhythm are possible, and this is a fairly common occurrence. That is why doctors prescribe magnesium supplements for arrhythmia.
6. Noise intolerance. A lack of magnesium affects the functioning of the nervous system, so sometimes a person reacts poorly to loud noise.
7. Convulsions. Again, if there is little magnesium in the body, the nervous system suffers, this can even cause convulsions. You need to see a doctor urgently.
8. Bones suffer from a lack of minerals. Magnesium is involved in the formation of bone tissue. If there is a lack of magnesium, calcium is poorly absorbed.
9. Constipation. Without sufficient magnesium levels, intestinal function is disrupted. By the way, many laxatives contain magnesium.
10. High blood pressure. Magnesium helps blood circulate properly, so its lack provokes surges in blood pressure.
11. Diabetes mellitus type 2. Magnesium is involved in lowering blood sugar. If a person does not have enough magnesium in their diet, they may develop type 2 diabetes.
12. Mood swings. If you feel a “swing” in your mood, be sure to donate blood to check your magnesium level.

In addition, with a lack of magnesium, loss of appetite and nausea, heartburn and acid reflux, brittle nails and skin problems are observed.

Remember that the symptoms listed may be a sign of other problems, so consulting a doctor is necessary. Do not self-medicate.

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency

Photos from open sources

List of drugs in tablets

There are not many drugs that contain potassium on pharmacy shelves. Medicines in this group are prescribed only by a doctor due to the risk of fatal complications in the event of an overdose. Despite the ease of purchasing and using potassium tablets, self-medication at home is prohibited.

Potassium orotate

The most popular representative of the group is considered to be potassium orotate.
The potassium preparation has been time-tested, well studied, and all its negative and positive sides are known. Potassium orotate is effective for heart diseases, has a powerful electrolyte-balancing effect, demonstrates anabolic properties - it accelerates metabolism. Due to this feature of the drug, potassium orotate is the drug of choice for congestion in the circulatory system

: CHF, cardiosclerosis, myocarditis, heart rhythm disturbances. The medicine helps the rapid regeneration of damaged tissues, therefore it is indicated for acute conditions, myocardial injuries, sclerotic changes in the muscle.

Among the disadvantages of this potassium drug may be noted: dyspepsia, stimulation of kidney function (dangerous in chronic renal failure), impaired absorption of iron and antibiotics, which makes it unacceptable for anemia or infections. Price – 122 rubles.

Potassium-Normin

The combination of electrolyte with chlorine is used in extreme cases, after a full clinical and laboratory examination due to the large number of side effects:

• from the gastrointestinal tract - intestinal obstruction, perforation of the wall, bleeding, ulcerative-erosive processes in the digestive system, epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, dyspepsia;
• from the nervous system - foggy consciousness, myalgia, muscle weakness, paresthesia;
• from the heart and blood vessels - rhythm disturbance, hypotension, cardiac arrest;
• from other systems - allergies up to anaphylaxis, hyperkalemia.

You can purchase the drug Potassium-Normin in pharmacies for a price of 68.6 rubles.

Kalinor

A relatively safe potassium preparation in the form of effervescent tablets based on potassium citrate monohydrate and potassium acid carbonate. It restores the deficiency of the microelement and is used mainly to relieve arrhythmias.

The medicine is contraindicated for:

• dehydration of any origin (hypokalemia);
• decreased kidney function;
• Addison's syndrome;
• Hamstorp's disease.

Side effects are extremely rare and include dyspepsia or allergic rashes. The price of Kalinor is 2,580 rubles.

Calyposis

A potassium preparation that resembles Potassium-Normin in its action, being its prolonged version. It acts much more gently, does not give so many side effects, and there is no need to strictly titrate the dosage.

The main disadvantage is irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, but absorption from the intestines is the only way for the drug to enter the body. The cost through online pharmacies is 190 rubles.

Side effects

Negative effects when taking drugs with potassium depend on the specific drug, but there are also common side effects:

• dryness of the oral mucosa;
• abdominal (epigastric) pain;
• symptoms of intoxication (mainly nausea);
• dyspepsia alternating with constipation (parenteral administration eliminates this symptom);
• sour belching, heartburn;
• hypotension;
• drowsiness;
• fainting;
• bradycardia;
• hyperhidrosis;
• extrasystoles;
• allergic manifestations up to anaphylaxis, Quincke's edema.

The development of atrioventricular blocks resulting in cardiac arrest is catastrophically dangerous.

Symptoms of potassium overdose

Uncontrolled use of potassium supplements leads to disaster. To avoid undesirable consequences, it is necessary to monitor the effect of prescribed medications with blood tests, and it is good to know the first signs of a potassium overdose:

• bradycardia while taking medications;
• feeling of panic, nervous excitement;
• migraine;
• severe nausea;
• muscle weakness;
• convulsions;
• dyspepsia;
• polyuria;
• a sharp drop in blood pressure;
• fainting.

A critical condition if all these symptoms are ignored is cardiac arrest due to impaired myocardial conduction: the sinus impulse does not reach all the chambers of the heart, each begins to contract independently, in its own rhythm. Chaos ensues, fibrillation ends in cardiac arrest.

The situation can only be prevented by timely compliance with the dosage regimen.