Glucose homeostasis in a healthy person under various conditions. Modern look

Elevated blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, occurs for a variety of reasons. Normally, the sugar level should not be higher than 5.5 mmol/l. The severity of hyperglycemia is determined by two main factors: the total amount of glucose in the blood and the rate at which it increases. In medical practice, the pathological condition in question is classified according to two criteria: fasting hyperglycemia and afternoon hyperglycemia.

Glucose is necessary for the cells of the human body, but if its level exceeds the norm, this can lead to irreversible consequences. The person himself may not notice the symptoms of this condition for a long time if it is mild. If the sugar level is significantly elevated, characteristic signs appear that are important to recognize in time and consult a doctor. In our clinic you can always get advice from competent specialists, take the necessary tests and undergo a course of treatment.

Causes of high blood sugar

High blood sugar may be associated with certain diseases:

• diabetes mellitus and other endocrine pathologies;
• liver diseases;
• dysfunction of the pancreas;
• severe infectious diseases;
• obesity.

Diabetes mellitus is considered the most common cause of hyperglycemia, which is long-lasting and negatively affects almost all internal organs and systems of the body.

Factors that contribute to hyperglycemia that are not associated with pathologies of the body are also identified:

• overeating, predominance of simple carbohydrates in the diet;
• stress;
• severe premenstrual syndrome in women;
• alcohol abuse;
• hereditary predisposition.

Associated symptoms

A pronounced increase in blood sugar levels manifests itself with characteristic symptoms, which are especially clearly visible in patients with diabetes:

• constant thirst and dry mouth;
• increased urge to urinate;
• dizziness;
• headache;
• increased appetite, weight gain or sudden weight loss (this symptom is typical mainly for patients with type 1 diabetes);
• skin itching, furunculosis, prolonged wound healing;
• increased blood pressure due to impaired renal function;
• increased irritability;
• drowsiness;
• apathetic state;
• difficulty concentrating;
• decreased vision;
• susceptibility to infectious diseases.

Having noticed such manifestations in yourself, you may suspect hyperglycemia, but only a qualified doctor will make an accurate diagnosis. In our clinic you can undergo a full range of examinations to identify acute and chronic diseases. An experienced endocrinologist will develop effective treatment tactics to eliminate pathological symptoms and return you to good health.

Links[edit]

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Diagnostics in our clinic

Diagnosis of hyperglycemia includes taking a medical history, analyzing clinical symptoms and a number of laboratory tests. A blood sugar test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. In some cases, it becomes necessary to repeat the analysis after a few days to exclude possible stress factors.

In modern medicine, several methods of testing blood for sugar are used:

• rapid test for determining the approximate glucose concentration - can be carried out at home, but does not provide one hundred percent accuracy;
• analysis for glycated hemoglobin - allows you to determine the average glucose level over a certain period of time (1-3 months);
• Glucose tolerance test is a comprehensive study that involves taking blood from a finger prick four times over two hours (on an empty stomach and after taking glucose).

In a healthy person, the glucose level is 3.5-5.5 mmol per liter of blood. An indicator of 6 mmol is considered a prediabetic state. If the glucose concentration exceeds this value, the doctor has reason to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

When performing a glucose tolerance test, a result of up to 7.9 mmol/l is considered as normal. Diabetes mellitus is indicated by a value of over 11 mmol per liter.

Principles of treatment

If you have high blood sugar, you will need treatment to avoid life-threatening conditions. The complex of therapeutic measures includes:

• adherence to the principles of proper nutrition;
• regular monitoring of blood sugar levels - for this you can purchase a special device for home use - a glucometer. It is recommended to carry out the test several times a day. Urgent consultation with an endocrinologist is required if sugar levels increase repeatedly over a short period;
• regular physical activity;
• weight normalization;
• regular monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels;
• taking medications to reduce blood glucose concentrations (insulin secretagogues, alpha-glucosiade inhibitors, etc.).

Treatment tactics are always selected individually depending on the reasons that led to the increase in blood sugar.

Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (glucose) , is a serious problem for people with diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs when there is too much sugar in the blood. People with diabetes can develop two specific types of hyperglycemia:

• Fasting hyperglycemia is a blood sugar level above 130 mg/dL (7.2 mmol/L) after a person has not eaten for at least 8 hours.
• Postprandial or postprandial hyperglycemia is usually defined as blood sugar levels above 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L). In people without diabetes, postprandial or postprandial blood sugar levels rarely exceed 140 mg/dL (7.7 mmol/L). Although sometimes 1-2 hours after a heavy meal, the sugar level can reach 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L). Accordingly, elevated blood sugar levels after meals may indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

If a person with diabetes experiences frequent or prolonged periods of hyperglycemia, as indicated by high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c in the blood, damage to nerves, blood vessels and other organs may develop. Hyperglycemia can also lead to the development of other more serious conditions, including ketoacidosis, which is more common in people with type 1 diabetes, and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketonemic coma in people with type 2 diabetes and people at increased risk of developing it.

In order to prevent the development of complications of diabetes mellitus, it is very important to quickly treat the symptoms of hyperglycemia.

What leads to the development of hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can be caused by:

• Missed insulin injections or taking oral glucose-lowering medications
• Eating too many carbohydrates compared to the prescribed insulin dose or simply eating too many carbohydrates
• Eating too much food and calories
• Infectious diseases
• Diseases
• Stressful situations
• Decreased physical activity or doing less exercise than usual
• Exhausting physical activity

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

If you have diabetes, you should know the early signs of hyperglycemia. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can develop into ketoacidosis (if you have type 1 diabetes) or hyperosmolar coma (if you have type 2 diabetes), which are serious conditions that require emergency medical attention.

Early signs of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus are:

• Increased thirst
• Headache
• Trouble concentrating
• Blurred vision
• Frequent urination
• Increased fatigue (weakness, feeling tired)
• Weight loss
• Blood sugar level above 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L)

Long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to the development of:

• Vaginal and skin infections
• Slow-healing cuts and wounds
• Decreased vision
• Nerve damage resulting in painful, cold or numb feet, hair loss on the lower extremities and/or erectile dysfunction
• Stomach or small intestine problems, such as chronic constipation or diarrhea

How is hyperglycemia treated in diabetes mellitus?

If you have diabetes and have any early signs of hyperglycemia, be sure to recheck your blood sugar levels several times. Before you call your doctor, you may want to write down a few of your blood sugar results. He or she will recommend the following for you:

• Drink more water. Water will help remove excess sugar from your urine and prevent dehydration.
• Do more exercise. They will help reduce the concentration of sugar in your blood.

Warning: If you have type 1 diabetes and your blood sugar level reaches 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L), you should test your urine for the presence of ketone bodies. If they are, DO NOT exercise. If you have type 2 diabetes and your blood sugar concentration is above 300 mg/dL (16.6 mmol/L), even without ketone bodies, DO NOT exercise.

• Change your eating habits. You may need to see a nutritionist to change the amount and type of foods you eat.
• Change the medications you are taking. Your doctor may change the amount, timing, or type of diabetes medications you take. Do not change your drug treatment without first discussing it with your doctor.

If you have type 1 diabetes and your blood sugar levels are above 250 mg/dL (13.8 mmol/L), your doctor may want to test your urine for the presence of ketone bodies.

If your blood glucose concentration is consistently above 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) 1 to 2 hours after eating, or two repeat test results show levels above 300 mg/dL (16.6 mmol/L), call your doctor .

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