Blood pressure indicators (average values) in children (mm Hg)
| Age | Blood pressure (mm Hg) |
| 1 month | 80/40 mmHg |
| 6 months | 85/45 mmHg |
| 1 year | 90/50 mmHg |
| 5 years | 100/50 mmHg |
| 10 years | 110/65 mmHg |
| 14 years | 120/70 mmHg |
NB ! Blood pressure readings may be erroneous if the size of the rubber cuff does not match the patient's arm size. If an adult cuff is used in a child, the results are significantly lower - the error when measuring blood pressure is from 5 to 15 mm Hg.
Critical values of systolic blood pressure in children, below which hemodynamics are considered unstable
| Up to 1 year | 60-50 mm Hg. |
| 1-5 years | 70 mmHg |
| 6-10 years | 80 mmHg |
| 11-12 years old | 90 mmHg |
| 15 years and older | 100 mmHg |
NB ! If it is not possible to measure blood pressure in children, remember that the presence of a pulse in the peripheral vessels is approximately equal to a SBP of 70 mm Hg, in the axillary artery - approximately 50 mm Hg, if not in the carotid artery - diastolic blood pressure is less than 50 mm Hg .st.!!!
Deviations from the norm
If your pulse is too fast
If the heart rate exceeds the norm, the reasons may be as follows:
- hot weather;
- exercise stress;
- stressful situation.
In these cases, the pulse may increase three times, but this is not a pathology. A child may have a rapid heartbeat even at rest. Main reasons:
- prostration;
- overwork;
- heart diseases;
- endocrine diseases;
- respiratory diseases;
- anemia;
- infectious lesions.
If the pulse is too low
If you feel normal and no pathologies are found, a rare pulse indicates good training.
Low heart rate values are typical for children involved in sports, especially those that require the development of endurance.
But bradycardia can be associated with pathologies and be accompanied by unpleasant symptoms. If your baby complains of dizziness, weakness, loss of strength, and has high or low blood pressure, you need to show him to a doctor as soon as possible.
What to pay attention to
If your child plays sports, you need to monitor your heart rate during exercise. It is important that during training the heart rate does not exceed the maximum permissible values, which are calculated using the formula: 220 minus age.
You should know that the heart rate should return to normal within ten minutes after stopping the exercise.
In order to select the optimal load, you need to calculate the lower limit of your heart rate. To do this, you need to subtract age from 220. Subtract your resting heart rate from the resulting value. Multiply the resulting number by 0.5 and increase your heart rate before training.
If the heart rate value is below this limit, the load can be increased.
Age indicators of RR and HR
| Age | BH/min | Heart rate beats/min |
| Newborn | 40-60 | 120-140 |
| 1-2 months | 35-48 | 130-135 |
| 6 months | 35 | 130 |
| 1 year | 30 | 120 |
| 5 years | 25 | 100 |
| 8 years | 90 | |
| 10 years | 20 | 80 |
| 14 years | 20 | 70 |
What parents need to pay attention to
In addition to calculating heart rate and respiratory rate, signs of heart and lung dysfunction in a newborn baby may include:
- sluggish sucking, breast refusal;
- frequent regurgitation;
- anxiety and crying when breastfeeding;
- low or excessive physical activity;
- causeless screaming, crying, accompanied by severe pallor or bluish skin;
- swelling of the skin of the back (edema).
Reasons for visiting a doctor may also be insufficient weight gain, delays in acquiring skills, growth, and physical development. At older ages, signs of problems with the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are most often fatigue, blue discoloration of the nasolabial triangle, and difficulty breathing.
Heart rate and respiratory rate in children are normally higher than in adults due to the high metabolic rate during the growth period. These indicators are influenced by external factors, and persistent changes can be a sign of diseases of the heart, lungs, nervous system, and hormonal disorders.
Daily amount of urine and frequency of urination depending on age
| Age | Average quantitative indicators | ||
| Amount of urine per day, ml | Number of urinations per day | Single amount of urine, ml | |
| Up to 6 months | 300-500 | 20-25 | 20-35 |
| 6 months-1 year | 300-600 | 15-16 | 25-45 |
| 1-3 years | 760-820 | 10-12 | 60-90 |
| 3-5 years | 900-1070 | 7-9 | 70-90 |
| 5-7 years | 1070-1300 | 7-9 | 100-150 |
| 7-9 years | 1240-1520 | 7-8 | 145-190 |
| 9-11 years | 1520-1670 | 7-8 | 220-260 |
| 11-14 years old | 1600-1900 | 6-7 | 250-270 |
Importance of indicators
With the help of measurements you will find out how correctly the ventilation is working. If you notice rapid breathing, this means that your breathing is now shallow. This problem leads to the formation of pathogenic microflora in the body. The frequency of breathing movements depends on how cheerfully the baby behaved all day. If he lay there all the time, then the number of breaths may be much less.
- Why calculate your heart rate if you decide to play sports?
Measuring your baby's heart rate helps check his overall health. Therapists check both of these indications every time they examine the baby. If the measurements were taken over several days (which makes them more accurate), show them to a specialist. Pay special attention to newborns, because they cannot tell that something hurts.
Calculation of body weight (M) in children
| In children of the first year of life | Body M at birth + 800 g (for the 1st month) + 600 g for each subsequent month of life up to 6 months. and + 400 g for each subsequent month after 6 months. |
| In children older than one year | Body m of a 5 year old child = 19 kg Up to 5 years: M = 19 – 2 for each missing year 5-11 years: M= 19 + 3 for each year exceeding 5 years Over 11 years old: M= 3 ages in years |
Measurement algorithm
To carry out the test, you will need a watch with a second hand or a stopwatch. The difficulty in determining the pulse is that it is constantly changing. To measure your heart rate, you need to find an artery in your wrist, temple or neck and lightly press it with your finger. You should feel the blood pulsating under your finger. You need to count the number of shocks in ten or 15 seconds, then multiply the resulting value by six or four, respectively. This determines the pulse, which in most cases is equal to the heart rate. Now you need to compare the resulting figure with the indicators in the table, according to age. You should know that normally the pulsation should be rhythmic and clear.
When calculating heart rate, the child should be at rest and take the same position each time, since the heart rate will be different when standing and sitting
Measurements must be carried out constantly and preferably at the same time. Doctors advise doing this in the morning, when the child is still in bed in a supine position. You cannot measure your heart rate after active games or emotional stress, when your heart rate increases. In this case, the result will be distorted.
If the data obtained differ significantly from the normal indicators given in the table, you need to consult a doctor to be examined and find out the cause of the deviations.
You can measure heart rate not only manually, but also using special devices that are available in pharmacies.
Volume of liquid for gastric lavage
| Age | Single (ml) | Total (ml) |
| Newborn | 15-20 | 100 |
| 1 – 6 months | 60-100 | 500 |
| 7-12 months | 110-150 | 1000 |
| 2-5 years | 200-350 | 3000-5000 |
| 6-10 years | 350-450 | 6000-8000 |
| 11-15 years | 450-600 | 6000-10000 |
| Adults | 5-10 ml/kg | 2-5-10x |
Amount of water to cleanse the intestines
| Age | Amount of water for cleansing enema (ml) | Amount of water for siphon enema (ml) |
| 1-2 months | 30-40 | — |
| 2-4 months | 60 | 800-1000 |
| 6-9 months | 100-200 | 1000-1500 |
| 2-5 years | 200 | 1000-1500 |
| 6-10 years | 300 | 2000-3000 |
| Adults | 400-500 | 5000-8000 |
Maximum volume of colloid infusion in the prehospital setting
| Age | Amount of solution in ml |
| up to 1 year | 200 |
| 1-5 years | 200-400 |
| 6-10 years | 400-600 |
| 11-15 years | 600-800 |
| 15 years and older | 1000 |
Pulse
Parents often ask us the question: “What heart rate is considered normal for a child?”
Heartbeat is one of the main vital parameters that is used to identify a number of pathologies. By observing the nature of the changes, specialists can draw conclusions about the state of the human heart and the entire body as a whole. The normal heart rate of a child is significantly different from that of an adult. Want to check if your child's pulse is normal? See the table of norms by age, the average value and normal limits are indicated here.
Any concerns? You can always consult a pediatrician or cardiologist at the MedVedik Children's Health Clinic.
Clinical symptoms of poisoning
| Substance | Symptoms |
| Atropine (belladonna, henbane, datura) | Dilated pupils that do not respond to light. Hyperemia, dry skin and mucous membranes. Tachycardia. Hyperthermia. Hallucinations, convulsions. |
| Vapors of gasoline, kerosene, turpentine | Icteric skin. Shortness of breath, hemoptysis. Cyanosis. Cramps. |
| FOS | Constriction of the pupils. Pallor, hypothermia. Hypersalivation, bronchorrhea. Breathing problems. Stomach ache. Bradycardia, arterial hypotension. Cramps. |
| Saltpeter, nitrates | Diffuse cyanosis that does not improve after oxygen therapy. Dyspnea. Tachycardia. Cramps. |
| Carbon monoxide | Headache, dizziness. Chest pain. Cough. Vomit. Hyperthermia, then pallor. Convulsions, paresis and paralysis. Pulmonary edema. |
| Mushrooms: | Latent period from 6 to 24 hours. Stomach ache. Vomit. Cholera-like enterocolitis. Delirium, adynamia. Collapse. Coma. |
| Pale grebe (phalloin, phalloidin, amanite) | |
| Fly agaric (muscarine, muscaridine, etc.) | Latent period 1-2 hours. Drooling, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Constriction of the pupils, difficulty breathing. Visual disturbances, delusions, hallucinations. Coma. |
| String, morel (galveolic acid) | Latent period 1/2-2 hours to 6 hours. Gastroenteritis. Hemolytic anemia, jaundice. Hematuria. |
Respiratory system
The respiratory system, consisting of internal (tissue) and external components, provides the body with energy.
Also significantly influencing its work are:
- external factors (temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure);
- functioning of the cardiovascular system;
- blood diseases (usually with impaired red blood cell function);
- nervous factors;
- humoral factors;
- tissue oxygen demand (increases during exercise and decreases at rest).
The external respiration system ensures the timely entry of oxygen into the blood and the removal of excess carbon dioxide from it, which is of great importance for the life of the body. Regulation of activity is carried out from the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata.
- Normal human pulse by year: Tables by age for adults
Differential diagnosis of poisonings accompanied by miosis
| Symptoms | Psychoactive substances | |||
| Opiates | Ethanol | Barbiturates | Benzodiazepines | |
| Pupil | Miosis | Miosis | Miosis | Miosis |
| Level of consciousness | Oppressed to coma | Excitement gives way to depression | Drowsiness, coma | Drowsiness, coma |
| Skin and mucous membranes | Pale, wet, sticky | Hyperemia gives way to pallor. Profuse sweating, hypersalivation. | “Barbiturate burn” - bubbles at the point of pressure | Sweating |
| Convulsions | Eat | Possible (a dangerous harbinger of coma) | No, muscle relaxation | No, muscle relaxation |
| Heart rate, pulse | Bradycardia, then thready pulse | Tachycardia gives way to bradycardia | Not changed | Not changed |
| HELL | Hypotension | Hypertension then hypotension | Hypotension | Hypotension |
| Breath | Depressed to the point of apnea | Tachyhypopnea | Oppressed | Oppressed |
| Pulmonary edema | Available | No | Eat | Eat |
| Bronchorea | No | No | No | No |
| T body | Demoted | Not changed | Not changed | Not changed |
| Abdominal pain | No | No | No | No |
| Dyspepsia | Vomit | No | Nausea, vomiting | Nausea, vomiting |
Differential diagnosis of poisonings accompanied by mydriasis
| Symptoms | Psychoactive substances | ||||||
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Cocaine | Ecstasy | Amphetamines | Hashish | LSD | Mushrooms are hallucinogens | |
| Pupil | Midriaz | Midriaz | Midriaz | Midriaz | Midriaz | Midriaz | Midriaz |
| Level of consciousness | Visual hallucinations, depression of consciousness up to coma | Excitement auditory hallucinations | Excitement, panic, delirium | Inducing psychosis | Excitement, possible hallucinations, delusions | Excitement, panic, hallucinations rave | Visual and auditory hallucinations |
| Skin and mucous membranes | Dry mucous membranes | Sweating, paleness, scratch marks, “cocaine bugs” | Sweating | Regular | Injected scleral vessels | Sweating | Sweating, hypersalivation |
| Convulsions | Possible | No | Reduction of jaws | No | Muscle reduction | No | No |
| Heart rate, pulse | Tachycardia, sudden cardiac arrest | Tachycardia | Tachycardia | Tachycardia | Tachycardia | Tachycardia | Bradycardia turns into tachycardia |
| HELL | Not changed | Hypertension | Not changed | Hypertension, then hypotension | Hypertension | Hypertension | Hypertension |
| Breath | Oppressed | Cocaine runny nose | Not changed | Bronchodilation | Not changed | Not changed | Not changed |
| Pulmonary edema | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Bronchorea | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| T body | Hyperthermia | Hyperthermia | Hyperthermia | Hyperthermia | Not changed | Fever | Fever |
| Abdominal pain | Intestinal paresis | No | No | No | No | No | Eat |
| Dyspepsia | No | No | No | Nausea, vomiting | No | Nausea | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
| Exicosis | No | No | Eat | No | No | No | Eat |
| Vision | Spasm of accommodation | Not changed | Not changed | Not changed | Not changed | Not changed | Diplopia |
Determination of heart rate and respiratory movements
Calculation of respiratory rate and heart rate is a mandatory procedure when examining newborns. It helps to assess the baby’s well-being, because he himself will not be able to report what symptoms are bothering him. You can take measurements yourself, without waiting for an appointment with a pediatrician. Respiration rate, pulse rate, blood pressure level are sometimes the only signals about impending danger.
Calculating the child's respiratory rate and pulse is a simple procedure that only takes a minute. It has its own subtleties:
- Respiration rate and pulse are measured at rest. Emotional arousal (laughter, anxiety, tears) or physical activity (active games) are instantly reflected in the value of the indicator. The research will not be objective. The best option is to measure the number of breaths while the child is sleeping, and then the result will not be distorted.
- You need to count your breaths and heartbeats for exactly one minute. If you try to calculate how many of them occur in less time, and then use mathematical operations to calculate the minute indicator, the result will be incorrect. The breathing and heartbeat of an infant are characterized by arrhythmia, so the number of breaths or beats in equal periods of time may vary.
- The results obtained do not mean that we need to immediately sound the alarm. If the baby looks healthy, you simply made a mistake in the calculation. It is better to find out this point during an examination by a pediatrician.
