Aprovask, 10 mg+300 mg, film-coated tablets, 28 pcs.: instructions for use, reviews and analogues, prices in pharmacies. Buy and deliver to the nearest pharmacy or home in Moscow. Produce

Aprovask, 10 mg+300 mg, film-coated tablets, 28 pcs.

Frequency of adverse events/reactions (AEs/ARs) reported in clinical trials of the fixed-dose combination of irbesartan and amlodipine ( I-ADD

,
I-COMBINE
and
I-COMBO
), in clinical studies on the use of irbesartan and during its post-marketing use, as well as in clinical studies on the use of amlodipine, was determined according to the WHO classification as follows: very often (≥10%); often (≥1 and <10%); uncommon (≥0.1 and <1%); rare (≥0.01 and <0.1%); very rare (<0.01%), frequency unknown - the frequency of occurrence of AEs/ARs cannot be estimated from the available data.

The frequency of HP reported during post-marketing use of the drug was defined as frequency unknown because information about these HPs came from spontaneous reports, without indicating the number of patients taking the drug.

In clinical studies comparing fixed-dose combinations of amlodipine + irbesartan with irbesartan or amlodipine monotherapy, the types and incidence of treatment-emergent AEs possibly related to the study treatment were similar to those observed in prior clinical studies or in post-marketing reports with irbesartan monotherapy and amlodipine.

The most commonly reported adverse event was peripheral edema, primarily related to amlodipine.

AEs observed during treatment and possibly related to the study drug in clinical studies of amlodipine/irbesartan (I-ADD, I-COMBINE and I-COMBO)

General disorders and disorders at the injection site:

often - peripheral edema, edema; infrequently - asthenia.

Hearing and labyrinth disorders:

infrequently - vertigo.

From the heart:

often - a feeling of palpitations; infrequently - sinus bradycardia.

From the nervous system:

often - dizziness, headache, drowsiness; infrequently - paresthesia.

From the genital organs and breast:

infrequently - erectile dysfunction.

From the respiratory system, chest and mediastinal organs:

infrequently - cough.

From the side of blood vessels:

often - orthostatic hypotension; infrequently - excessive decrease in blood pressure.

From the gastrointestinal tract:

often - swelling of the gums; infrequently - nausea, pain in the upper abdomen, constipation.

From the kidneys and urinary tract:

often - proteinuria; infrequently - azotemia, hypercreatinemia.

Metabolism and nutrition:

infrequently - hyperkalemia.

From the musculoskeletal and connective tissue side:

infrequently - joint stiffness, arthralgia, myalgia.

AEs observed with irbesartan in clinical studies (including the I-ADD, I-COMBINE and I-COMBO clinical studies) and during its post-marketing use

From the immune system:

frequency unknown - hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions).

Metabolism and nutrition:

frequency unknown - hyperkalemia.

Hearing and labyrinth disorders:

often - vertigo; frequency unknown - tinnitus.

From the nervous system:

often - dizziness, headache*; infrequently - orthostatic dizziness.

*Headache incidence in I-ADD

,
I-COMBINE
and
I-COMBO
was rated as “uncommon”.

From the heart:

infrequently - tachycardia.

For the skin and subcutaneous tissues:

frequency unknown - leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

From the respiratory system, chest and mediastinal organs:

infrequently - cough.

From the gastrointestinal tract:

often - nausea/vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen, tongue disorders, including dysgeusia (taste distortion), glossodynia (burning sensation and soreness in the tongue), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue); infrequently - diarrhea, dyspepsia, heartburn.

From the liver and biliary tract:

frequency unknown - jaundice, increased liver function tests, hepatitis.

For the skin and subcutaneous tissues:

infrequently - alopecia; frequency unknown - angioedema, urticaria.

From the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue:

frequency unknown - myalgia.

From the kidneys and urinary tract:

frequency unknown - impaired renal function, including isolated cases of renal failure in patients with risk factors for its development.

From the genital organs and breast:

infrequently - erectile dysfunction.

General disorders and disorders at the injection site:

often - increased fatigue*, swelling; uncommon - chest pain; frequency unknown - asthenia.

* Incidence of fatigue in I-ADD

Aprovask

The incidence of adverse events/reactions (AEs/ARs) reported in clinical studies of the fixed-dose combination of irbesartan and amlodipine, in clinical studies of irbesartan and during its post-marketing use, as well as in clinical studies of amlodipine, was determined by World Health Organization (WHO) classifications as follows: very common > 10%; often > 1% and 0.1% and 0.01% and

The frequency of adverse events reported during post-marketing use of the drug was defined as 'frequency unknown', since information about these adverse events came from spontaneous reports, without indicating the number of patients taking the drug.

In clinical studies comparing fixed-dose combinations of irbesartan/amlodipine with irbesartan or amlodipine monotherapy, the types and incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events possibly related to the study treatment were similar to those observed in previous clinical studies or in post-marketing reports with monotherapy with irbesartan and amlodipine. The most commonly reported adverse event was peripheral edema, primarily related to amlodipine.

Adverse events observed during treatment and possibly related to the study drug in clinical studies of irbesartan/amlodipine:

General disorders and administration site disorders: Common: peripheral edema, edema; Uncommon: asthenia.

Hearing and labyrinthine disorders: Uncommon: vertigo.

Cardiac disorders: Common: palpitations; Uncommon: sinus bradycardia.

Nervous system disorders: Common: dizziness, headache, drowsiness.

Genital and breast disorders: uncommon: erectile dysfunction.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Uncommon: cough.

Vascular disorders: Common: orthostatic hypotension. Uncommon: excessive decrease in blood pressure.

Gastrointestinal disorders: Common: swelling of the gums; uncommon: nausea, pain in the upper abdomen, constipation.

Renal and urinary tract disorders: Common: proteinuria; Uncommon: azotemia, hypercreatinemia.

Metabolic and nutritional disorders: uncommon: hyperkalemia.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Uncommon: joint stiffness,

arthralgia, myalgia.

Adverse events observed with the use of irbesartan in clinical trials and during its post-marketing use.

Immune system disorders: Frequency unknown: hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions).

Metabolic and nutritional disorders: Frequency unknown: hyperkalemia.

Hearing and labyrinthine disorders: Common: vertigo; Frequency unknown: tinnitus.

Nervous system disorders: often: dizziness, headache; Uncommon: orthostatic dizziness.

Cardiac disorders: Uncommon: tachycardia.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Not known: leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Uncommon: cough.

Gastrointestinal disorders: Common: nausea/vomiting, pain in the upper part

abdomen, tongue disorders, including dysgeusia (taste distortion), glossodynia (burning sensation and soreness in the tongue), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue). Uncommon: diarrhea, dyspepsia, heartburn.

Liver and biliary tract disorders: Frequency unknown: jaundice, increased liver function tests, hepatitis.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Uncommon: alopecia. Frequency unknown: angioedema

swelling, urticaria.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Not known: myalgia.

Renal and urinary tract disorders: Not known: renal dysfunction, including isolated cases of renal failure in patients with risk factors for its development.

Genital and breast disorders: Uncommon: erectile dysfunction.

General disorders and disorders at the injection site: Often: increased fatigue, swelling. Uncommon: chest pain. Frequency unknown: asthenia.

Injuries, intoxications and complications of manipulations: Uncommon: falls.

Adverse events observed with the use of amlodipine in clinical studies:

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Very rare: thrombocytopenia.

Immune system disorders: Very rare: allergic reactions.

Metabolic and nutritional disorders: Very rare: hyperglycemia.

Mental disorders: Uncommon: insomnia, mood lability.

Nervous system disorders: Common: dizziness, headache, drowsiness. Uncommon: hypoesthesia, paresthesia, tremor, taste disturbances, syncope. Very rare: peripheral neuropathy.

Visual disorders: Uncommon: visual disturbances.

Hearing and labyrinthine disorders: Uncommon: tinnitus, vertigo.

Cardiac disorders: Common: palpitations. Very rare: myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation).

Vascular disorders Often: “flushes” of blood to the skin with a feeling of heat, redness of the skin. Uncommon: excessive decrease in blood pressure. Very rare: vasculitis.

Respiratory system disorders. organs of the chest and mediastinum: Often: cough. Uncommon: shortness of breath, rhinitis. Very rare: coughing.

Digestive system disorders: Common: nausea, abdominal pain, glossodynia, glossitis. Uncommon: dyspepsia, vomiting, change in bowel habits, dry mouth. Very rare: pancreatitis, gastritis, gingival hyperplasia.

Liver and biliary disorders: Very rare: hepatitis, jaundice and increased activity of liver enzymes (mainly associated with cholestasis).

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Common: contact dermatitis. Uncommon: skin rash, itching, purpura, increased sweating, changes in skin pigmentation (appearance of discolored areas of the skin), alopecia. Very rare: angioedema, erythema multiforme, urticaria.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Uncommon: arthralgia, muscle cramps, myalgia. back pain.

Renal and urinary tract disorders: Uncommon: increased frequency of urination, painful urge to urinate, nocturia.

Genital and breast disorders: Uncommon: impotence, gynecomastia.

General disorders and administration site disorders: Common: fatigue, swelling, peripheral edema. Uncommon: chest pain, asthenia, feeling unwell, pain. Rarely: swelling of the face. Laboratory and instrumental data: Uncommon: weight gain, weight loss.

Overdose

When adults take irbesartan in doses up to 900 mg per day, no toxicity has been established.

Available data for amlodipine suggest that severe overdose may lead to significant peripheral vasodilation and possibly the development of reflex tachycardia. The development of a pronounced and prolonged excessive decrease in blood pressure, up to the development of shock with a fatal outcome, has been reported.

The patient should be under close medical supervision. Treatment should be symptomatic and support the basic vital functions of the body. Suggested measures for overdose include gastric lavage. Taking activated carbon and hemodialysis are ineffective.

If a very large overdose has occurred, active cardiac and respiratory monitoring should be initiated. Frequent measurement of blood pressure and active maintenance of cardiovascular activity, including elevating the limbs, are necessary. The volume of circulating blood and urine output should be monitored. It may be necessary to administer vasoconstrictor drugs to restore vascular tone and blood pressure (provided there are no contraindications to their administration). Intravenous calcium gluconate may be helpful in reversing the effects of calcium channel blockade.

Aprovask®

Combination of irbesartan and amlodipine

Based on pharmacokinetic studies in which irbesartan and amlodipine were taken individually and in combination, there were no pharmacokinetic interactions between irbesartan and amlodipine.

No studies have been conducted on drug interactions of the drug Aprovask® with other drugs.

Amlodipine

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Other antihypertensive and antianginal drugs

Amlodipine can be safely used for the treatment of hypertension together with thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors. In patients with stable angina, amlodipine can be used in combination with other antianginal agents, for example, long- or short-acting nitrates, beta-blockers.

It is possible to enhance the antianginal and antihypertensive effects of BMCC when used simultaneously with thiazide and loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and nitrates.

Ethanol, barbiturates, antipsychotics, antidepressants, narcotic analgesics, general anesthesia

It is possible to enhance the antihypertensive effect of dihydropyridine derivatives and increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension.

Other drugs that can lower blood pressure

It can be expected that some drugs (for example, baclofen and aminophen), due to their pharmacological properties, will enhance the antihypertensive effect of amlodipine. Monitoring of blood pressure and renal function is necessary, as well as dose adjustment of amlodipine if necessary.

Corticosteroids (mineral and glucocorticosteroids), tetracosactide

Reduced antihypertensive effect of amlodipine (due to fluid and sodium ion retention as a result of the action of corticosteroids).

Calcium supplements can reduce the effect of BMCC.

Dantrolene (with intravenous administration)

In animal studies, cases of fatal ventricular fibrillation and cardiovascular failure associated with hyperkalemia have been observed following the administration of verapamil and dantrolene (intravenously). Given the risk of developing hyperkalemia, the simultaneous use of BMCC (including amlodipine) and dantrolene should be avoided in patients with malignant hyperthermia or prone to its development.

Pharmacokinetic interactions

The influence of other drugs on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine

CYP3A4 isoenzyme inhibitors

Concomitant use of amlodipine with strong or moderate inhibitors of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme (protease inhibitors [ritonavir], azole antifungals [ketoconazole, itraconazole], macrolides [erythromycin, clarithromycin], verapamil or diltiazem) may increase the concentration of amlodipine in the blood plasma and increase the risk of lowering blood pressure. Amlodipine should be used with caution concomitantly with inhibitors of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme (especially in elderly patients); careful medical monitoring and dose adjustment, if necessary, are recommended.

Inducers of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme

With simultaneous use of inducers of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, the concentration of amlodipine may vary. It is necessary to monitor blood pressure and consider adjusting the dose of amlodipine during and after concomitant use, especially with potent inducers of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme (for example, rifampicin and St. John's wort preparations).

Grapefruit/grapefruit juice

The use of amlodipine with grapefruit or grapefruit juice is not recommended, since in some patients the bioavailability of amlodipine may be increased and, as a result, its antihypertensive effect may be enhanced.

Aluminum- or magnesium-containing antacids

When taken together once a day, they do not have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

Sildenafil

When used concomitantly, amlodipine and sildenafil independently exhibited their antihypertensive effect.

Cimetidine

Cimetidine does not affect the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

Effect of amlodipine on the pharmacokinetics of other drugs

Simvastatin

Simultaneous repeated use of amlodipine at a dose of 10 mg and simvastatin at a dose of 80 mg leads to an increase in simvastatin exposure by 77%. In such cases, the dose of simvastatin should be limited to 20 mg.

Atorvastatin

Simultaneous repeated use of amlodipine at a dose of 10 mg and atorvastatin at a dose of 80 mg is not accompanied by significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of AUC (increase by an average of 18%) Cmax and TCmax of atorvastatin.

Cyclosporine

Studies of the simultaneous use of amlodipine and cyclosporine in healthy volunteers and all patient groups have not been conducted, with the exception of patients after kidney transplantation, in whom a variable increase in cyclosporine concentrations was observed (average from 0 to 40%). These data should be taken into account and the concentration of cyclosporine should be monitored in this group of patients when using cyclosporine and amlodipine simultaneously, and, if necessary, reduce the dose of cyclosporine.

Tacrolimus

When used simultaneously with amlodipine, there is a risk of increasing the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood plasma. In order to avoid toxicity of tacrolimus when used concomitantly with amlodipine, the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood plasma should be monitored and its dose adjusted if necessary.

mTOR inhibitors (mammalian Target of Rapamycin - target of rapamycin in mammalian cells)

mTOR inhibitors (eg, temsirolimus, sirolimus, everolimus) are substrates of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. Since amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, concomitant use may increase exposure to mTOR inhibitors.

Ethanol

Amlodipine with single and repeated use in a dose of 10 mg does not affect the pharmacokinetics of ethanol.

Digoxin

Amlodipine does not affect serum digoxin concentrations or its renal clearance in healthy volunteers. In in vitro studies, amlodipine did not affect the binding of digoxin to plasma proteins.

Warfarin

Amlodipine does not have a significant effect on the effect of warfarin (prothrombin time). In in vitro studies, amlodipine did not affect the binding of warfarin to plasma proteins.

Phenytoin

In in vitro studies, amlodipine did not affect the binding of phenytoin to plasma proteins.

Other interactions

Amlodipine can be safely used concomitantly with antibiotics and oral hypoglycemic agents.

Unlike other BMCCs, no clinically significant interaction was found between amlodipine when used in combination with NSAIDs, including indomethacin. In in vitro studies, amlodipine did not affect the binding of indomethacin to plasma proteins.

Although negative inotropic effects have generally not been observed in amlodipine studies, some CBMCs may enhance the negative inotropic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the QT interval (eg, amiodarone and quinidine).

Irbesartan

Based on in vitro data, no interactions should be expected with drugs metabolized by the following cytochrome P450 isoenzymes: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4.

Irbesartan is predominantly metabolized by CYP2C9, but no significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed during clinical interaction studies when irbesartan was co-administered with warfarin, which is metabolized by CYP2C9. The pharmacokinetic parameters of irbesartan are not affected by its simultaneous use with nifedipine and hydrochlorothiazide.

Irbesartan does not change the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin, which is metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme or digoxin (a P-glycoprotein substrate).

Medicines containing aliskiren

Simultaneous use of ARAP, incl. irbesartan, which is part of the drug Aprovask®, with drugs containing aliskiren is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or with moderate or severe renal failure (with GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 body surface area) and not recommended in other patients.

ACE inhibitors

Simultaneous use of ARAP, incl. irbesartan, which is part of the drug Aprovask®, with ACE inhibitors is contraindicated in patients with diabetic nephropathy and is not recommended in other patients.

Repaglinide

Irbesartan can inhibit the OATP1BI transporter. In a clinical study, it was reported that the use of irbesartan 1 hour before dosing with repaglinide increased the Cmax and AUC of repaglinide (OATP1B1 substrate) by 1.8 and 1.3 times, respectively. In another study, no significant pharmacokinetic interaction was reported with the combined use of irbesartan and repaglinide. Therefore, dose adjustment of repaglinide may be required for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics, heparin

Based on the experience gained with the use of other drugs that affect the RAAS, the simultaneous use of irbesartan with potassium preparations; salt substitutes containing potassium; potassium-sparing diuretics or other drugs that can increase the potassium level in the blood plasma (heparin), can lead to an increase in the level of potassium in the blood plasma (sometimes severe), which requires careful monitoring of plasma potassium levels in patients during treatment.

NSAIDs, including selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors

In elderly patients, patients with hypovolemia (due to diuretics) or with impaired renal function, concomitant use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, with ARBs, including irbesartan, may lead to deterioration of renal function, including the development of acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Renal function should be periodically monitored in patients concomitantly taking ARBs and NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors. The antihypertensive effect of ARAII, including irbesartan, may be weakened by the use of NSAIDs. including selective COX-2 inhibitors.

Lithium preparations

Increased serum lithium concentrations and increased lithium toxicity have been reported when used concomitantly with irbesartan. In patients taking irbesartan together with lithium preparations, lithium concentrations in the blood plasma should be monitored.

Diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs

The antihypertensive effect may be enhanced. Irbesartan can be used with other antihypertensive drugs, such as beta-blockers, long-acting CBCIs and thiazide diuretics.

Previous treatment with high doses of diuretics may lead to hypovolemia and an increased risk of excessive reduction in blood pressure at the beginning of treatment with irbesartan.

Aprovask tablets p.p.o. 10mg+300mg N28

Action

Aprovask is an antihypertensive.
Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of each of the active substances included in the drug Aprovask, irbesartan and amlodipine, contribute to their additive antihypertensive effect when used in combination compared to that when using each of these drugs separately. Both angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARAII) and CCBs reduce blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, but blocking the entry of calcium into the cell and reducing the vasoconstrictor effect caused by angiotensin II are complementary mechanisms.

Irbesartan

Irbesartan is a selective, potent APAII (AT1 subtype). Angiotensin II is an important component of the RAAS, involved in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension and sodium ion homeostasis. Irbesartan does not require metabolic activation to exert its effect.

Irbesartan blocks the strong vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II due to selective antagonism of angiotensin II receptors (AT1 subtype) located in the cells of vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal cortex. Irbesartan does not have agonistic activity towards AT1 receptors. Its affinity for AT1 receptors is 8500 times greater than for AT2 receptors (receptors that have not been shown to be associated with maintaining balance (homeostasis) of the cardiovascular system).

Irbesartan does not inhibit RAAS enzymes (such as renin, ACE), and also does not affect other hormonal receptors or ion channels in the cardiovascular system involved in the regulation of blood pressure and sodium ion homeostasis. Blockade of AT1 receptors by irbesartan breaks the feedback loop in the renin-angiotensin system, increasing plasma concentrations of renin and angiotensin II. When using irbesartan, the plasma concentration of aldosterone decreases, however, when using the drug in recommended doses, there are no significant changes in the potassium content in the blood serum (the average increase in the potassium content in the blood serum is less than 0.1 mEq/L). Irbesartan does not have a significant effect on the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol or glucose in the blood serum. Irbesartan does not affect serum uric acid concentrations or renal excretion of uric acid.

The antihypertensive effect of irbesartan develops after taking the first dose and becomes significant within 1–2 weeks of treatment, with the maximum effect occurring after 4–6 weeks. In long-term observational studies, the effect of irbesartan persisted for more than 1 year.

A single dose of irbesartan in doses up to 900 mg/day caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure. A single dose of irbesartan in doses of 150–300 mg/day resulted in a greater reduction in SBP/DBP (24 hours after dosing) in the supine or sitting position (on average by 8–13/5–8 mm Hg) than when taking placebo. The effect of the drug 24 hours after dosing was 60–70% of the corresponding maximum reduction in DBP and SBP. Optimal effectiveness in reducing blood pressure within 24 hours is achieved with a single dose of the drug per day.

Blood pressure decreases to approximately the same extent in standing and lying positions. Orthostatic effects are rare and, as with ACE inhibitors, may be expected to occur in patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia. The antihypertensive effect of irbesartan and thiazide diuretics is additive. In patients who fail to achieve target blood pressure values with irbesartan monotherapy, adding small doses of hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) to irbesartan once daily leads to an additional (compared to the effect of adding placebo) reduction in sBP/dBP, determined by 24 hours after taking them, by 7–10/3–6 mm Hg. Art. respectively.

Age and gender do not affect the effectiveness of irbesartan. As in the case of treatment with other drugs that affect the RAAS, patients of the Negroid race have a weaker antihypertensive effect with irbesartan monotherapy. When irbesartan is taken with low doses of hydrochlorothiazide (eg 12.5 mg/day), the antihypertensive effect in black patients approaches that in Caucasian patients.

After discontinuation of irbesartan, blood pressure gradually returns to its original level. No withdrawal syndrome was observed upon discontinuation of irbesartan.

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is a CCB from the group of dihydropyridine derivatives, which inhibits the transmembrane entry of calcium ions into myocardial cells and vascular smooth muscle. The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of amlodipine is associated with a direct relaxing effect on vascular smooth muscle.

The exact mechanism by which amlodipine reduces the frequency and severity of angina attacks is not fully established, but amlodipine reduces myocardial ischemia through the following two effects.

Amlodipine dilates peripheral arterioles and thereby reduces peripheral vascular resistance, the so-called. afterload. Since heart rate practically does not increase when taking amlodipine, this decrease in the load on the heart muscle reduces the energy consumption of the myocardium and its need for oxygen.

The mechanism of the antianginal action of amlodipine also appears to be associated with the dilation of the main coronary arteries and coronary arterioles, both in areas of the myocardium with normal blood flow and in ischemic areas of the myocardium. This dilation of the coronary vessels increases oxygen delivery to the myocardium in patients with coronary artery spasm (Prinzmetal's angina or variant angina).

In patients with arterial hypertension, taking amlodipine once a day provides a clinically significant decrease in blood pressure in the supine and standing position for 24 hours. Due to the slow onset of its action, amlodipine is not intended for the relief of hypertensive crises.

In patients with angina pectoris, a single daily dose of amlodipine during an exercise test increases the total time of physical activity, the time before the onset of an angina attack and the time before the appearance of ST segment depression on an ECG with a depth of 1 mm. In addition, taking the drug reduces the daily number of angina attacks and the daily need for taking nitroglycerin tablets.

No adverse metabolic effects or changes in blood lipid concentrations were observed when taking amlodipine. Amlodipine can be taken by patients with bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus and gout.

Clinical evidence of the efficacy of the fixed-dose combination of irbesartan and amlodipine was obtained from two multicenter, prospective, open-label, parallel-group, blinded efficacy studies: the I-ADD and I-COMBINE studies. The results of both studies demonstrated significantly greater efficacy of fixed-dose combinations of irbesartan and amlodipine compared with amlodipine monotherapy or irbesartan monotherapy.

Pharmacokinetics

Irbesartan

Irbesartan is an orally active drug that does not require biotransformation to exhibit its activity. After oral administration, irbesartan is quickly and completely absorbed. Tmax of irbesartan in blood plasma is 1.5–2 hours after oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of irbesartan when taken orally is 60–80%. Food intake does not affect the bioavailability of irbesartan.

Irbesartan is approximately 96% bound to blood plasma proteins and practically does not bind to blood cells. Vd of irbesartan is 53–93 l/kg.

After oral or intravenous administration of 14C irbesartan, unchanged irbesartan in the blood plasma accounts for 80–85% of the radioactivity circulating in the systemic circulation. Irbesartan is metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glucuronic acid and oxidation. The main metabolite found in the systemic circulation is irbesartan glucuronide (approximately 6%). Irbesartan is subject to oxidation, mainly with the help of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme - CYP2C9; the CYP3A4 isoenzyme plays a minor role in the metabolism of irbesartan. Irbesartan is not metabolized by most isoenzymes commonly involved in drug metabolism, such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2D6 or CYP2E1, and does not reliably induce or inhibit these isoenzymes. Irbesartan does not inhibit the CYP3A4 isoenzyme.

Irbesartan and its metabolites are excreted both by the liver (with bile) and the kidneys. After oral or intravenous administration of 14C irbesartan, about 20% of the radioactivity is found in the urine with a small residual amount in the feces. Less than 2% of the dose is excreted by the kidneys as unchanged irbesartan. T1/2 of irbesartan is 11–15 hours. The total clearance with intravenous administration of irbesartan is 157–176 ml/min, of which 3–3.5 ml/min accounts for renal clearance.

Irbesartan, when used in a therapeutic dose range, has linear pharmacokinetics. Css is achieved on the third day after starting to take the drug once a day. There is limited accumulation of irbesartan in plasma (T1/2). No gender-related differences in the clinical effectiveness of irbesartan were observed.

In nonhypertensive elderly patients (men and women 65–80 years of age) with clinically normal renal and hepatic function, plasma AUC and Cmax were approximately 20–50% higher than in younger patients (18–40 years of age) , however, T1/2 in young and elderly patients were comparable. There were no significant age-related differences in the clinical efficacy of irbesartan.

In black patients with normal blood pressure, the AUC and T1/2 of irbesartan were approximately 20–25% higher than in Caucasian patients with normal blood pressure, but the Cmax of irbesartan was almost the same.

In patients with renal failure (regardless of its severity) and in patients on hemodialysis, the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan does not change significantly. Irbesartan is not removed from the blood by hemodialysis.

In patients with liver failure due to mild or moderate liver cirrhosis, the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan does not change significantly.

The effectiveness and safety of irbesartan in children has not been established.

Amlodipine

After oral administration in therapeutic doses, amlodipine is well absorbed with Tmax in the blood - between 6 and 12 hours after its administration. Absolute bioavailability is 64–90%. Eating does not interfere with the absorption of amlodipine.

The Vd of amlodipine is approximately 21 l/kg. In vitro studies have shown that approximately 97.5% of amlodipine in the systemic circulation is bound to plasma proteins.

Amlodipine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form inactive metabolites.

10% of unchanged amlodipine and 60% of its metabolites are excreted through the kidneys; T1/2 from blood plasma is approximately 35–50 hours when dosing once a day.

In elderly and younger people, the Tmax of amlodipine in the blood is the same. In elderly patients, the clearance of amlodipine tends to decrease, resulting in an increase in AUC and T1/2.

In children 6–12 years old and adolescents 13–17 years old, the clearance of amlodipine when taking the drug orally was 22.5 and 27.4 l/h, respectively, in boys and 16.4 and 21.3 l/h, respectively, in girls. There was wide variability in systemic exposure to amlodipine between children and adolescents. Data obtained on the use of the drug in children under 6 years of age are limited.

As with other CCBs, in case of liver failure, an increase in T1/2 of amlodipine is possible (see “Contraindications”, “Precautions” and “Special Instructions”).

In patients with CHF (in all age groups), an increase in AUC and T1/2 was observed.

Pharmacokinetics when using the combination of amlodipine/irbesartan in adults

Simultaneous administration of irbesartan and amlodipine in the form of fixed combinations in tablets or in the form of free combinations did not affect the pharmacokinetics of each of the active substances of this combination.

The three fixed dose combinations of amlodipine and irbesartan (10/150 mg, 5/300 mg and 10/300 mg) are bioequivalent to the free dose combinations (10/150 mg, 5/300 mg and 10/300 mg), both in terms of rate, and in relation to the degree of absorption. When taken separately or simultaneously in doses of 10 and 300 mg, the time until the median Cmax of amlodipine and irbesartan in the blood plasma remains unchanged, i.e. 5 and 0.75–1 hours after administration, respectively. Similarly, the Cmax and AUC of amlodipine and irbesartan when taken separately or simultaneously at doses of 10 and 300 mg are in the same ranges, resulting in a relative bioavailability of amlodipine of 98% and 95% of irbesartan when taken together. The average T1/2 value for amlodipine and irbesartan, taken individually or in combination, is almost the same: 58.5 versus 52.1 hours for amlodipine and 17.6 versus 17.7 hours for irbesartan. The elimination of amlodipine and irbesartan does not change when taken separately or together. The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine and irbesartan were linear when using amlodipine in doses from 5 to 10 mg and irbesartan in doses from 150 to 300 mg.