The best nootropics to improve brain function and memory

The end of May and the beginning of June is the time when millions of students across the country are preparing for the exam, completing coursework and dissertations. Many, wanting to “recharge their brain,” go to the pharmacy for miracle pills - nootropics (in English-speaking countries they are sometimes called “smart-drugs”). The list of nootropic drugs, like many others, has its own characteristics and “pitfalls” that the head doctor needs to know for competent pharmaceutical consultation. We have prepared for you instructions on nootropics that will help you understand and systematize the knowledge that you already have.

The name “nootropics” appeared in the 1970s - it denoted a group of drugs for which a positive effect on brain functions was described - memory, cognition and learning processes. The first medicine in this series was piracetam, synthesized in 1963. The experiment showed improved memory and easier learning while taking piracetam.

Domestic neurology actively uses nootropics in the treatment of a number of diseases. In addition, nootropics are used by people to improve memory, brain function and their cognitive abilities. They are of interest to many pharmacy visitors - not only students, but also office workers in a state of constant stress, elderly people worried about memory loss or constant dizziness. Today, thanks to many clinical studies, the following position of evidence-based medicine has emerged: nootropics are not drugs with proven effectiveness, and their use may be unsafe. For example, the use of some nootropics can provoke psychomotor agitation in elderly patients or cause an epileptic seizure in patients with epilepsy.

What is this?

Nootropics are a group of drugs that have a positive effect on brain function by stimulating metabolic processes between nerve cells. Piracetam was the first nootropic drug to be developed in 1963 in Belgium. And the class “nootropics” was introduced in 1972 to designate drugs that improve integrative brain functions. These include:

• memory;
• learning ability;
• attention;
• thinking;
• speech;
• consciousness;
• behavioral adaptation.

Among the many effects of nootropic drugs on the body are the following:

• improvement of mental activity;
• increased attention, concentration;
• stimulation of memory and cognitive abilities;
• resistance to increased mental and physical stress;
• increasing the threshold of brain stability during hypoxia.

In simple terms, a person taking drugs from this group, thanks to improved blood circulation, begins to think faster, better assimilate educational material, remembers large amounts of information well and is able to work productively under heavy loads. Nootropics also help overcome stressful situations.

Most of it is released strictly according to a doctor's prescription.

What nootropic drugs are prescribed to older people and for what purpose?

Indications for prescribing nootropics to older people are the following conditions: • Alzheimer's disease. • Syndromes of confused consciousness and fragmented thinking. • Pick's disease. • Disorientation in space and time. • Confusion and instability of attention. • Emotional imbalance. • Anxiety disorder. • Illusory perception. • Memory problems. • Sleep disorders. • Motor overexcitation or retardation.

In addition, nootropics can also be prescribed for preventive purposes to slow down age-related changes in the neuropsychic sphere associated with cerebrovascular accidents, weakening of memory and cognitive abilities. Among the nootropic drugs used for older people, the most common and popular are: • Cavinton, the active ingredient of which is vinpocetine. Its main therapeutic effect is aimed at improving cerebral circulation by reducing blood viscosity and, accordingly, improving the supply of oxygen to the brain. It is characterized by a targeted selective effect on the affected area of ​​the brain, so this nootropic drug is especially effective in the treatment and rehabilitation after stroke, vascular dementia and cerebrovascular accidents. It is also used in the treatment of vascular and retinal lesions and Meniere's disease. Side effects may include nausea, heartburn, weakness, headache and tachycardia, which is a disadvantage of the drug and a contraindication for its use in case of heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias). • Encephabol – stimulates metabolic processes in the brain by accelerating the utilization of glucose, normalizes blood circulation in areas affected by ischemia, and helps restore the functions of the nervous system. Other therapeutic effects include improved memory, increased mental activity and overall central nervous system tone. It helps well in overcoming the negative consequences of encephalitis, as well as in the treatment of cerebroasthenic syndrome and mental retardation in children. The downside is the ability to cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to pyritinol, as well as the high price.

• Phenibut is a drug that combines nootropic and tranquilizing effects. Which manifests itself in a decrease in the excitability of the nervous system, a decrease in anxiety and fear. The drug prolongs the duration of action and enhances the effect of sleeping pills. With long-term use, it increases physical and intellectual capabilities, normalizes sleep, and improves memory. Effective in the complex treatment of withdrawal syndrome in alcoholism. The downside is the possibility of withdrawal syndrome after completing the course of the drug.

• Picamilon is a nootropic drug popular among doctors and patients, which has several effects: a psychostimulant, a tranquilizer and an antioxidant. Improves metabolic processes and blood supply to brain tissue, reduces the intensity of headaches, relieves anxiety and nervous tension, and also increases a person’s physical and intellectual capabilities. Has a positive effect on the restoration of motor and speech functions after stroke and toxic lesions of the brain. In older people, it has a good effect in the complex treatment of migraines, cerebrovascular accidents, and retinal diseases. Side effects include the possibility of developing an allergic response to this drug.

The use of nootropics in older people should be treated very carefully, taking into account the depth of age-related changes, possible side effects, prevailing symptoms, the presence of concomitant diseases and the general condition of the body. Only a specialist can objectively evaluate all these aspects and correctly prescribe treatment using nootropics. Prescribing these drugs to your elderly relatives yourself is extremely undesirable and unsafe for their health.

TOP 10 rating

There is a rating of nootropic drugs, which includes the most effective nootropics for improving brain activity. The list of drugs includes the best nootropics that have proven their effectiveness in solving various problems in the field of neurology, addiction, pediatrics, ophthalmology, and psychiatry.

Nootropics are prescribed for a number of diseases:

• dementia;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• memory disorders;
• asthenia;
• cerebral circulatory disorders after a stroke;
• VSD;
• alcoholism;
• cerebral palsy;
• stuttering in children;
• urinary disorders;
• dizziness;
• sleep disorder;
• vascular eye diseases, etc.

The TOP 10, according to experts, includes the following effective nootropics for improving memory and brain function:

1. Fenotropil
2. Phenibut
3. Prapiracetam
4. Oxiracetam
5. Aniracetam
6. Nootropil
7. Noopept
8. Alpha GPC
9. Sulbutiamine
10. 5-HTP

To accept or not to accept?

Nootropics have been gaining popularity lately. But today there is still no clear opinion about the effectiveness of this group of funds. According to available information. Based on available information, these drugs can be judged to improve cognitive abilities. However, nootropics should not be perceived as magic pills that help you become smarter and more capable. Their role is to improve brain activity and increase resistance to psycho-emotional stress. In order not to make a mistake with your choice and notice the effect of nootropics, you should consult with a specialist.

New generation

In the world of pharmacology, new nootropic drugs are constantly being developed in order to improve their effectiveness and reduce side effects. The main task that pharmacologists set for themselves when creating drugs is to increase the quality and safety of nootropics, as well as to ensure an affordable price.

Modern nootropics differ from earlier developments in many ways. They are less toxic, so new generation drugs have virtually no side effects. You can take them for a long time without taking breaks.

New nootropics are more effective and have a cumulative effect, acting on the problem gradually.

Among the new generation of nootropics, the most popular is Piracetam. It is used in the complex treatment of myocardial infarction, as well as to relieve withdrawal symptoms from alcohol and drug addiction. Doctors often prescribe it for dizziness and dyslexia (impaired reading skills).

There is also an improved version of Piracetam - Aniracetam. This dietary supplement helps improve memory and mental processes of the brain, eliminates anxiety and depression.

Best Herbal Nootropics

Are you afraid of chemistry? In this case, products based on tonic phytoextracts will help restore vitality and performance.

Such complexes are ideal for hypotensive patients in the post-rehabilitation period after illnesses, because they stimulate brain function, improving concentration, memory and mental activity.

KRKA dd “Bilobil Intense” – a herbal energizer with a pronounced nootropic effect

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The homeopathic medicine improves mnestic activity, eliminates anxiety, apathy and sleep disorders due to the high concentration of ginkgo biloba in the composition. The product normalizes cerebral circulation, supplies the brain with glucose and oxygen, and also dilates blood vessels.

The medicine in tablet form is prescribed to people over 18 years of age who suffer from low blood pressure, vegetative-vascular dystonia and depressive disorders. The standard dosage is 1 tablet 3 times a day for a month.

The positive effect of taking the medicine is observed after the first week. The product has a cumulative effect, and positive results last for 3-6 months after the end of treatment.

Bilobil Intense is a powerful herbal energy drink. However, its use is contraindicated for children, pregnant and lactating women, hypertensive patients, as well as in the post-stroke and post-infarction periods.

Advantages:

• Plant composition;
• Cumulative effect;
• Tones the body;
• Improves cognitive processes;
• Helps with vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• Sold in various volumes (20 and 60 capsules).

Flaws:

• High price - about 1000 rubles for 60 tablets.

Bilobil Intense, while relatively safe, has a high tonic and psychostimulating effect, which is why it is recommended for a course of treatment for hypotensive patients, people suffering from memory and attention disorders, as well as anxious individuals.

By efficiency

Consumers often wonder: what is the most effective drug among nootropics? Modern pharmacy offers a large list of nootropic drugs that have a high proven effect.

Among the best drugs in the group, Phenotropil is widely known. This nootropic agent contains piracetam, which has a beneficial effect on the human body in many ways:

• increases protective properties;
• acts as an antidepressant;
• helps produce the hormone of joy;
• improves integrative brain functions.

Until recently, Phenotropil was one of the TOP most powerful drugs prescribed to adult patients to improve brain function. But it was discontinued in 2021 to refine and improve the formula.

Among the active nootropic drugs, it is worth noting Phenibut as an effective remedy for the treatment of post-traumatic syndromes with:

• stroke;
• traumatic brain injuries;
• brain intoxication;
• spinal cord damage.

The drug is also prescribed to children for the treatment of stuttering and to relieve severe mental excitability.

No side effects

Nootropics that do not have side effects include two drugs:

• Noopept;
• Glycine.

Noopept is a nootropic that has neuroprotective properties, i.e. improves blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain. It is prescribed to eliminate the consequences of traumatic brain injuries and in case of neuropathologies due to oxygen starvation.

In addition, Noopept has a good effect on the human vegetative-vascular system, helping to relieve headaches and attacks of tachycardia.

It has no withdrawal syndrome, and has virtually no effect on internal organs and blood and urine parameters.

The safest and most affordable medicine is Glycine. It is known to everyone as the most harmless and cheapest remedy for restoring memory, mental clarity and well-being. Many schoolchildren take Glycine to prevent neuroses and fatigue during the educational process. It is also prescribed for:

• memory impairment;
• stroke;
• encephalopathy.

Glycine, in fact, is a purified amino acid, has no side effects and is not capable of causing an overdose.

Modern view of nootropic therapy

The extreme importance of drugs with nootropic effects is evidenced by data on the widespread use of them: according to WHO statistics, a third of the adult population in Europe and Japan takes nootropics, and they can rightfully be classified as vital drugs [1]. The word “nootropic” comes from the Greek “noos” - thinking, mind; “tropos” – direction, change. The first nootropic, piracetam, was synthesized in Belgium in 1963. Based on the fact that piracetam is a cyclic analogue of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, GABA, it was assumed that it would have antikinetic properties. However, subsequent studies conducted by Cornelia Giurgea in 1972 found that piracetam improves cognitive function and memory [2]. The history of the use of nootropic drugs began with the discovery of piracetam, which was a fundamentally new stage in the development of psychopharmacotherapy and led to the formation of the nootropic concept. After the successful introduction of piracetam into medical practice, other drugs of the pyrrolidone series began to appear. The study of piracetam not only enriched the clinic with a new effective drug, but also gave impetus to the search and creation of other highly active psychotropic compounds with a similar type of action, both among pyrrolidone derivatives and among other chemical structures [3]. Research is still ongoing in various countries around the world and many pharmaceutical companies are searching for new nootropic drugs. The family of pyrrolidone nootropics includes more than 10 original drugs, of which the best known are piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam, etiracetam and pramiracetam. Due to their common chemical structure, these nootropics are called racetams. Following them, other families of nootropic drugs appeared, including cholinergic, GABAergic, peptidergic and other substances, which significantly expanded the understanding of nootropics. But despite this, piracetam remains the reference drug for the entire group of these drugs. In addition, components of many medicinal plants - ginseng, Eleutherococcus, Schisandra, etc. - have a nootropic effect. [1]. With the advent of nootropics, for the first time, the possibility of targeted pharmacological effects on cognitive functions and manifestations of mental and neurological deficits that develop as a result of organic brain damage became possible. The main characteristic of nootropics is their activating specific effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain and the restoration of disorders of higher nervous activity. Thus, nootropic drugs lead to improved memory, attention, thinking, orientation, expansion of the scope of perception, increased ability to analyze and assess the situation, and make decisions. The effect of drugs is determined by their ability to facilitate learning processes, promote the assimilation of new information and its analysis, improve the quality of memorization, as well as increase the brain’s resistance to damaging factors in the event of stressful situations (extreme physical activity, hypoxia). In addition, the main manifestations of the nootropic effect are increased motivation and improved switching from one type of activity to another [4]. Nootropics increase cortico-subcortical control and improve information exchange in the brain, have a positive effect on the formation and reproduction of a memory trace, facilitate the restoration of brain tissue in case of damage of various origins, and stimulate intellectual activity. Nootropics facilitate the transmission of excitation through the corpus callosum both between the superficial and between the deep layers of the cerebral cortex, activate cortical apical dendrites, which leads to functional synaptic facilitation (underlies learning and memory). Apparently, under the influence of nootropics, a shift occurs towards the optimal ratio and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system, the organization of the basic rhythmic activity of the brain improves, and the level of wakefulness increases [5]. Nootropic drugs can improve cognitive (cognitive) functions both in healthy people and, in particular, those impaired by various diseases. The ability to improve cognitive functions has given rise to calling nootropic drugs “cognitive stimulants.” In general, the spectrum of clinical activity of nootropics is diverse and is represented by the following main effects [6,7]: 1) the nootropic effect itself, i.e. improvement of intellectual abilities (impact on impaired higher cortical functions, level of judgment); 2) mnemotropic effect (improving memory, increasing learning success); 3) increasing the level of wakefulness, clarity of consciousness (impact on the state of depressed and darkened consciousness); 4) adaptogenic effect (increasing tolerance to various exogenous and psychogenic adverse effects, including medications, increasing the body’s overall resistance to extreme factors); 5) anti-asthenic effect (reduction of the phenomena of weakness, lethargy, exhaustion, phenomena of mental and physical asthenia); 6) psychostimulating effect (influence on apathy, physical inactivity, hypobulia, aspontaneity, poverty of motives, mental inertia, motor and intellectual retardation); 7) anxiolytic (tranquilizing) effect (reducing feelings of anxiety, emotional tension); sedative effect, reduction of irritability and emotional excitability; 9) antidepressant effect; 10) vegetative effect (effect on headache, dizziness, cerebrasthenic syndrome); 11) antikinetic effect; 12) antiparkinsonian effect; 13) antiepileptic effect, influence on epileptic paroxysmal activity. For different drugs in the nootropic group, the combination and degree of severity of the components of the therapeutic effect are not the same. Of the above properties, some are inherent in all nootropic drugs, others are selective. In recent years, much new data has been obtained on the mechanisms of action and clinical effects of nootropic drugs. Their therapeutic action is based on several mechanisms [2,4,8,9,10,11,12,13]: – improving the energy state of neurons, enhancing the synthesis and turnover of ATP (due to activation of adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP); – accelerating the penetration of glucose through the blood-brain barrier and increasing its absorption by brain cells, especially in the cerebral cortex; – stimulation of redox processes; – improving the exchange of nucleic acids in nerve cells, enhancing protein synthesis (activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system); – strengthening of synaptic transmission processes in the central nervous system, normalization of neurotransmitter disorders (the effect of a number of nootropic drugs is mediated through the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, among which the most important are monoaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic); – membrane-stabilizing effect (regulation of the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins in nerve cells and erythrocytes, stabilization and normalization of the fluid properties of cell membranes, increased membrane fluidity during aging, normalization of the quantitative ratio of individual phospholipid fractions, stabilization of the functional activity of membrane-bound enzymes); – antioxidant, protection of cell membranes (removal of free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, inhibition of lysosomal enzymes); – antihypoxic (reducing the oxygen demand of neurons under conditions of hypoxia, adapting the effect on brain structures in conditions of deficiency in the formation of macroergs and ensuring the preservation of neuronal functions); – neuroprotective effect (increasing the resistance of nerve cells to the effects of adverse factors of various origins); – improvement of reparative processes in case of brain damage of various origins; – improvement of microcirculation in the brain by improving the deformability of erythrocytes, optimizing the passage of erythrocytes through the vessels of the microvasculature and inhibiting platelet aggregation; – blocking pathological bioelectrical impulses, stopping foci of epileptic and pathological neuronal activity, which manifests itself incl. antikinetic effect. Nootropics, thus, have multiple points of application, involving a large number of anatomical and functional systems in the mechanism of their action - cell metabolism, neurotransmitter, vascular, rheological, etc. [14]. The most important thing in the mechanism of their action is the influence on metabolic and bioenergetic processes in the nerve cell. In recent years, the mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs have been intensively studied at the neurophysiological level. The influence of nootropics on late components (400–800 ms) of evoked potentials in people when solving problems has been shown, which is considered as direct confirmation of the effect of nootropics on cognitive processes [5]. It is known that the mechanism of action of nootropic drugs has a pronounced cortical component [15]. The most characteristic pharmacoelectroencephalographic effects of nootropics, both in healthy volunteers and in patients, are an increase in the power of the ?-rhythm with increased regularity and duration, an increase in ?-activity (in some cases), a decrease in the power of ?- and ?-rhythms, as well as some increase in the average EEG frequency and ?-rhythm (typical for some pathological conditions). Smoothing of interhemispheric asymmetry indicates facilitation of the irradiation of excitation within and between the hemispheres of the brain. Under the influence of nootropics, a restructuring of the EEG power spectra occurs, corresponding to an increase in the level of spatial synchronization of brain biopotentials, which is a necessary component and condition for the formation of conditioned reflexes [5,16]. These data suggest that under the influence of nootropic drugs, changes occur on the EEG corresponding to an increase in the level of wakefulness, and also that the nootropic effect is associated with an improvement in the organization of the rhythmic activity of the brain [16]. Among specialists involved in research in the field of nootropic drugs, there is still no consensus on which group of drugs they should be classified into. For example, in France, nootropics are classified as psychotropic drugs, in Japan - as central nervous system stimulants, in Italy - as analeptics [17]. In addition, within the group of nootropics itself there is also no unified classification, which is due to the heterogeneity of this group of substances both in chemical structure and mechanism of action. As noted by T.A. Voronina, S.B. Seredenin (1998), a serious problem has arisen that for many substances classified as nootropic drugs, memory improvement is not always the dominant component of the spectrum of pharmacological activity [11]. The nootropic effect of a drug can be primary - due to its direct effect on the nerve cell. However, it is known that it is possible to improve the higher integrative functions of the brain and the metabolism of neurons, and reduce the influence of damaging factors on the nervous system indirectly (for example, by improving cerebral circulation and microcirculation, antiplatelet, antihypoxic effects, changing the metabolism of a number of neurotransmitters, etc.). In this case, it is more correct to talk about the “nootropic effect” rather than the “nootropic effect” of drugs [2]. In connection with the above, a number of scientists propose to distinguish a group of “true” nootropic drugs, for which the ability to improve mnestic functions is the main, and sometimes the only effect, and a group of nootropic drugs of mixed action (“untrue” nootropic drugs), in which the mnestic effect is complemented by and often overlaps with other, no less significant manifestations of action [11]. The multicomponent nature of the action of these drugs is reflected in the many synonyms for their designation - “neuroprotectors”, neurodynamic, neuroregulatory, neurotrophic, neuroanabolic or eutotrophic agents, “neurometabolic cerebroprotectors”, cerebroactivators. The terms “metabolic brain protection” and “neurotropic therapy” are also used. These definitions reflect the general property of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in nervous tissue (especially in various disorders), optimizing the level of metabolism. The most complete modern classification of substances with nootropic effects was proposed by T.A. Voronina, S.B. Seredenin [11], in which all drugs are divided into two large groups. Classification of substances with nootropic effects (1998): 1. Nootropic drugs with a dominant mnestic effect. 1.1. Pyrrolidone nootropic drugs (racetams), predominantly of metabolic action (piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam, etiracetam, isocetam, etc.). 1.2. Cholinesterase drugs. 1.2.1. Strengthening the synthesis of acetylcholine and its release (choline chloride, phosphotidyl-serine, lecithin, acetyl-L-carnitine, etc.). 1.2.2. Agonists of cholinergic receptors (oxotremorine, bethanechol, spiropiperidines, etc.). 1.2.3. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine, tacrine, amiridine, galantamine, ertastigmine, etc.). 1.2.4. Substances with a mixed mechanism of action (demanol, aceglutamate, nerve growth factor, bifemalan, etc.). 1.3. Neuropeptides and their analogs (ACTH, ebiratide, somatostatin, vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P, angiotensin II, cholecystokinin 8, peptide analogues of piracetam, etc.). 1.4. Substances that affect the system of stimulating amino acids (glutamic acid, milacemide, glycine, D-cycloserine, nooglutyl). 2. Nootropic drugs of mixed action with a wide range of effects (“neuroprotectors”). 2.1. Activators of brain metabolism (actovegin, instenon, acetyl-L-carnitine, phosphatidylserine, homopantothenic acid esters, xanthine derivatives, etc.). 2.2. Cerebral vasodilators (vinpocetine, oxybral, nicergoline, vinconate, etc.). 2.3. Calcium antagonists (nimodipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, etc.). 2.4. Antioxidants (mexidol, exiphon, pyritinol, atherovit, meclofenoxate, tocopherol). 2.5. Substances affecting the GABA system (gammalon, pantogam, picamilon, ligam, nicotinamide, phenibut, phenotropil, sodium hydroxybutyrate, neurobutal, etc.). 2.6. Substances from different groups (ethimizole, orotic acid, methyl glucoorotate, oxymetacyl, beglimin, cerebrocrast, ginseng, instenon, gingko biloba extract, lemongrass, etc.). Despite the variety of drugs presented, they all have a positive effect on memory. Initially, nootropics were used primarily in the treatment of brain dysfunction in elderly patients with organic brain syndrome. In recent years, they have become widely used in various fields of medicine, including geriatric and pediatric practice, neurology, psychiatry and narcology [2,3,7,11,18]. Considering that nootropic drugs are characterized by a wide range of pharmacological properties, relatively low toxicity, and do not have pronounced side effects, the indications for their use have a clear tendency to expand. The main area of ​​application of nootropics in healthy people is the prevention of stressful conditions and maintaining performance in critical situations, with natural aging, with a decrease in the general level of human activity that occurs under conditions such as intoxication, overwork, sleep deprivation, pain syndromes, stress, as an adaptogenic actions under increased physical and intellectual stress. Many nootropic drugs are used for “cover therapy” to relieve severe “withdrawal syndrome”, as well as as anti-alcohol drugs that accelerate recovery from delirium and improve the course of the post-delirium state. Thus, a feature of the use of nootropic drugs is the possibility of their use equally for both sick and healthy people. In pediatrics, indications for prescribing nootropics are delayed mental, motor and speech development, mental retardation of various etiologies, neurocirculatory dysfunction on a residual organic background, the consequences of perinatal encephalopathy and encephalopathies of various origins (posthypoxic, post-traumatic, somatogenic), cerebral palsy, difficulties in learning in children with minimal brain dysfunction (absent-mindedness, mental fatigue, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia). Nootropic drugs can be used in patients with various pathologies of the central nervous system. The list of conditions for which there are violations of basic cognitive functions and for which nootropics are used (mainly as a component of complex therapy) is very wide: - vascular diseases of the brain, both acute (stroke) and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency (dyscirculatory encephalopathy and one of its the most severe manifestations are vascular dementia); - traumatic damage to the brain (acute stage and consequences of cranial -brain injury); - lesions of the brain of a neurodegenerative nature, dementia in Alzheimer's disease; - impaired brain functions in alcoholism, including with abstinance and psychoorganic syndrome of alcohol genesis; - coma states of vascular, traumatic or toxic genesis; - acute neuroinfections and the rehabilitation period after the infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain. In addition to organic brain diseases, these drugs are also used for functional disorders, such as vegetative dystonia, asthenic syndrome (decrease in concentration of attention, emotional lability and other manifestations of asthenic syndrome of various genesis), cephalgia (migraine, head pain), chronic chronic syndrome fatigue ”, neurotic and neurosis -like disorder, astheno -depressive and depressive syndrome, as well as to improve mental performance in intellectual -mnestic disorders (impaired memory, concentration, thinking). Some nootropes are used to correct extrapyramidal disorders for antipsychotic syndrome, stuttering, hyperkinesis, urination disorders, sleep disturbances, dizziness of various genesis, for the prevention of motion sickness. The rate of onset of nootropic effects differs in the treatment of urgent conditions and in the treatment of chronic diseases. In acute states, nootropics give a quick positive effect (for example, a way out of a state of impaired consciousness). In a situation of chronic disorders, a long -term intake of nootropic drugs is required. Usually they are prescribed courses lasting up to 3-4 months. The effectiveness of the drug can only be judged at the end of the full course. In clinical practice, nootropics rarely cause any side effects. However, with an overdose, despite their low toxicity, symptoms such as sleep disturbance, fluctuations in blood pressure, irritability, anxiety, headache, nausea, and the revival of psychopathological symptoms may appear. However, these manifestations quickly disappear with a decrease in the dosage. Also, when side effects appear, it is proposed to change this drug to a nootropic of a different class. With insufficient effectiveness of the drug, but it is possible to use a combination of two nootropic agents with different action mechanisms with good tolerance. When prescribing the drug, preference is given to medium dosages, while nootropics with a psychostimulating effect (piracetam, pyrithinol, Meklofenoksat, etc.) are desirable to prescribe in the morning. It should also be noted that the effectiveness of therapy depends on the age of the patient: the younger he is, the better the answer to treatment [11]. In addition, nootropes are characterized by good compatibility with drugs of other pharmacological groups. A wide range of nootropic drugs and a proven positive clinical effect of their use allows that these drugs are a necessary component of modern pathogenetic medicinal therapy of a wide variety of conditions. Considering that the need for nootropics in clinical practice is great, obtaining and introducing into practice new highly effective nootropic drugs is an important and urgent task. Recently, in connection with the decoding of the human genome, the peptide direction in drugs began to develop rapidly [19]. In addition, peptide medicines are interesting as potential nootropists, since neuropeptides play the main role in the regulation of cognitive functions and in most cases peptide preparations are more effective than drugs of other chemical groups [20.11, 10]. Among the analogues of piracetam in the Research Institute of Pharmacology of the RAMS, the most active compound was created, which is a derivative of amino acid - Noopepte (ethyl ether N - phenilecetyl - l - prolillycin). Noopept has significant advantages over existing nootropes: it shows a pronounced mnestic and anti -amnestic activity in significantly smaller doses (1000 times less than for piracetam) is a small toxic compound and has no side effects [21]. Unlike the applied peptides, only 2 amino acids are included in the structure of Noopept. In this regard, such peptides are more resistant to enzymes, more bioavailable [19, 21]. The experiment shows that Noopepte favorably affects all phases of the memory process (in contrast to piracetam, which affects mainly the phase of information input) [21]. He showed anti -amnestic activity on a wide set of models of cognitive deficiency, a distinct anxiolytic effect [21], an increase in the resistance of the body during trauma and ischemia of the brain, hypoxia and aging [11], the absence of the “cancellation syndrome”, he discovered, along with nootropic, a number of useful additional properties , such as neuroprotective, antioxidant [22,21], antitrombotic, did not show any side effects and, finally, demonstrated extremely low toxicity [23]. In addition, the anti -inflammatory properties of Noopepte were shown on the models of acute non -immune and chronic immune inflammation, which is probably due to its antioxidant effect and impact on the system of pro -inflammatory cytokines [22, 24]. According to pharmacokinetic studies, noocopept, when administered orally, is quickly absorbed and enters into a systemic bloodstream unchanged, and then penetrates the brain. At the same time, the content of its active metabolite in the brain of the cyclo -propriet, which has anti -amnestic activity significantly exceeds those in plasma [21]. This indicates the tropiness of the drug to brain tissue and a fairly high specific bioavailability (99%) [23,21]. When studying the mechanism of action of the substance, it was found that Noopept realizes its effects through holino- and glutamatergic mediator systems of the brain [21,15,3]. The indicated set of properties of Noopepte served as the basis for creating its dosage form - tablets (10 mg with a notch, which allows the drug to also be used at a dose of 5 mg). In clinical studies, the drug showed its safety, good tolerance and effectiveness as a means of correction of cognitive disorders in young and elderly patients in organic diseases of the brain of cerebral -vascular and traumatic genesis [25,26]. The effect of Noopeptic is manifested in improving functions such as thinking, attention and short -term memory, in a combination of “soft” stimulating, anxiolytic effect and vegetostabilizing effects, it does not cause sleep disturbance [26]. Data on the potential efficiency of Noopepte was obtained in case of violations of neurodegenerative genesis, taking into account its anti -inflammatory and immunomodulating properties [24]. With a single use, Noopept showed a statistically significant improvement in the integral indicator of the success of operator activities [26]. The analysis of the dynamics of the EEG showed that the action of Noopept corresponds to an increase in the power of the A -rhythm and the weakening of the frequencies of the D -rhythm. On the EEG -profile of the drug, an increase in the power of the B --ritma in the frontal sections is noted. Thus, according to the main EEG -indicators, Noopept has nootropic effects [26]. The drug is taken inside, after eating. The initial dose is 20 mg, divided into 2 doses during the day (in the morning and day). With insufficient efficiency and good tolerance, the dose is increased to 30 mg, divided into 3 doses during the day. You should not take the drug later than 18 hours. Recommended treatment course 1.5-3 months. If necessary, it is possible to conduct a second course after 1 month. The given data indicate that Noopept is an undoubted achievement of modern pharmacology, and thanks to the unique structure, high efficiency and multilateral action, it is advisable to recommend it as a promising means of pathogenetic therapy of diseases requiring the prescription of nootropics. Literature 1. Akhankina V.I., Voronina T.A. The spectrum of pharmacological effects of phenotropil. // Farmatek, 2005, No. 13 [108], p. 19–25. 2. Shabalov N.P., Skoromotets A.A., Shumilina A.P., Platonova T.N., Seredov Yu.V., Fedorov O.A. Nootropic and neuroprotective drugs in children's neurological practice. // Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2001, No. 1 (5), pp. 24–29. 3. Boyko S.S., Vitskova G.Yu., Zherdev V.P. Pharmacokinetics of nootropic drugs. // Experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1997, Volume 60, No. 6, pp. 60–70. 4. Voronina T.A. Hypoxia and memory. Features of the effects and use of nootropic drugs. // Bulletin of the Russian AMN, 2000, No. 9, p. 27–34. 5. Krapivin S.V. Neurophysiological mechanisms of the action of nootropic drugs. // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after S.S. Korsakova, 1993, T.93, No. 4, p. 104–107. 6. Kirichik L.T., Samardakova G.A. Clinical pharmacology and use of nootropics and psychostimulants. // Kharkov Medical Journal, 1996, No. 4, p. 33–35. 7. Davydova I.A. Clinical and pharmacological patterns of therapeutic effect of drugs with nootropic properties. // Diss. Ph.D. honey. Sciences., Moscow, 2001, 167 p. 8. Voronina T.A., Seredenin SB Nootropic drugs, achievements and new problems. // Experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1998, t.61, No. 4, p. 3–9. 9. Voronina T.A. Modern problems of the pharmacology of nootropics: condition and prospects. // Pharmacology and toxicology, 1991, T.54, No. 2, p. 6–11. 10. Krestyun V.I., Rozhkovsky Y.V. The molecular -biochemical mechanisms of the action of nootropic agents. // Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 1990, t.110, No. 7, p. 58–60. 11. Nurmukhametov R. Nootropic drugs in modern neurology. // Russian Medical Journal, 1999, No. 2, p. 7. 12. Semina I.G., Semina I.I., Azancheev N.M., Shilovskaya E.V., Tarasova R.I., Pavlov V.A., Ilyasov A.V., Fedotov V.D. On the issue of membrane mechanisms of the action of nootropic drugs. // Biological membranes, 2001, T.18, No. 5, p. 363–369. 13. Windisch M. Cognition - Enhancing (Nootropic) Drugs. // Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs. - Ny et al. : CRC Press, 1996. - P. 239–257. 14. Avedisova A.S., Akhapkin R.V., Akhakina V.I., Verigo N.N. Analysis of foreign studies of nootropic drugs (for example piracetam). // Russian Psychiatric Journal, 2001, No. 1, P.46–54. 15. Yasnetsov V.V., Pravdivtsev V.A., Krylova I.N., Kozlov S.B., Korornova N.A., Ivanov Yu.V., Vik.V. Yasnnetsov. The influence of nootropics on the impulse activity of the neurons of the cerebral cortex.// Experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2001, Volume 64, No. 6, p. 3–6. 16. Voronina T.A., Krapivin S.V. New aspects of the neurophysiological mechanism of the action of nootropic drugs. // Pharmacology and toxicology, 1986, No. 5, p. 721–724. 17. Nakubullina N.M. Modern achievements in the development of neurotropic tools. // Kazan Medical Journal, 2000, T.81, No. 2, p.141–143. 18. Croisile B., Trillet M., Fondarai J. et. al. Neurology. --1993. --vol.43. - 2.p.301–305. 19. Gorpinchenko N.V. Studies in the field of pharmaceutical analysis of the new nootropic drug of the peptide structure. Diss. Ph.D. honey. Sci. Moscow, 2001, 157 p. 20. Korotkov S.A. Experimental study of pharmacokintetics and biotransformation of the new dipeptide nootropic noopepate. Author's abstract. dis. for the job application scientist step. Ph.D. biol. Sci. Moscow, 2003, 26 p. 21. Ostrovskaya R.U., Gudasheva T.A., Voronina T.A., Seredenin SB Original nootropic and neuroprotective drug Noopept. // Experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2002, volume 65, No. 5, p. 66–72. 22. Kovalenko L.P., MiMedova M.G., Alekseeva S.V., Gudasheva T.A., Ostrovskaya R. U., Seredenin S. B. The anti -inflammatory properties of Noopept (dipeptide nootropic GVS --111). // Experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2002, No. 2, p.53–55. 23. Mirzoev T.Kh. Pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drug Noopept (GVS -111). Abstract dissens. On SOSK. uch. Art. Ph.D. honey. Sci. Moscow, 2001, 22 p. 24. Arsenyeva K.E. Nootropic drugs in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. // Russian Medical Journal, 2007, No. 4, p. 225. 25. Avedisova A.S., Yastrebov D.V. Comparative efficiency of noopept and piracetam in the treatment of asthenic disorders and disorders of organic genesis. // Russian Medical Journal, 2007, No. 5, P.434. 26. Itnumov G.G., Teleshova E.S., Synyakov S.A., Bochkarev V.K., Davydova I.A. The results of the clinical study of the new peptide drug Noopept in patients with psycho -organic disorders. // Psychiatry and psychopharmacotherapy, 2007, t.9, No. 2.

For study

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are often used for studying. The drugs are a good help for students during session exams. This period is associated with worries, stress and fatigue. And concentration and memory deteriorate very quickly.

One such medicine that I would like to mention is Phenylpiracetam. It is recommended to students, athletes and business people as an effective energy drink and anti-stress drug. It not only increases vitality, but also improves memory, cognitive abilities, strengthens the immune system, while reducing anxiety. The main thing is to follow the instructions and choose the right dosage so that there are no side effects.

Another nootropic for studying is oxiracetam. Its main effect is to improve the effectiveness of acetylcholine. It is an organic compound responsible for attention, memory, learning and creativity. Oxiracetam has a number of positive effects on the body:

1. Improves long-term and short-term memory.
2. Increases physical and mental energy without irritation.
3. Protects the brain from toxic external influences.

Aniratam

Aniracetam stands out among other representatives of the racetam class due to its features, including:

• stimulation of the overall performance of the body;
• beneficial effect on human emotions and creative thinking;
• effective fight against stress and depression.

Aniracetam

1949 r.

After completing the course, a person experiences a long-term improvement in social adaptability. A person thinks more clearly and can remember more information. Aniracetam is an excellent choice for creative, socially active people who work with a lot of information and are prone to mood swings. There are only two negative effects - abdominal pain and skin rashes.

Without prescriptions

Uncontrolled use of nootropic drugs can lead to serious consequences, so they can only be purchased in online pharmacies with a doctor’s prescription. This group of drugs is not suitable for self-medication, as it requires individual recommendations and the correct dosage.

There are several drugs that can be purchased at pharmacies without a prescription.

For example, L-theanine. This amino acid is present in almost all types of tea, and in Asian countries it is widely used for mental disorders. L-theanine helps with nervous disorders, hyperactivity and sleep disorders. It has a pronounced sedative effect, but does not cause lethargy or drowsiness, and acts gently.

The nootropic helps:

• remove anxiety;
• improve sleep;
• relieve stress;
• improve attention.

Gotu Kola is a natural medicine available without a prescription in the form of tablets, capsules, and tinctures. It got its name from the plant that is part of it. Gotu kola works as an antioxidant and brain cognitive enhancer.

The medicine reduces the level of cortisol in the body, reducing attacks of stress, and at the same time increases the amount of serotonin and dopamine. Also helps with stroke and Alzheimer's disease.

For adults

Adult patients are prescribed nootropics in various fields of medicine. Many people take medications to improve memory, vision and attention. In more severe cases, when the functions of the brain and central nervous system are seriously impaired, patients are prescribed stronger drugs of the group. For example, after strokes.

From the extensive list of nootropics, we will name only a few of the best.

1. Sulbutiamine is an analogue of vitamin B1, fat-soluble, perfectly penetrates the barrier between the circulatory and central nervous systems (nemato-encephalic) and accumulates in the brain.

By increasing choline levels, Sulbutiamine helps improve memory, and a good mood is a consequence of its effect on glutamate and dopamine levels.

A course of taking the drug eliminates erectile dysfunction that has psychological causes.

2. Nootropil, a medicine based on piracetam, is widely used:

• in neurology - to restore intellectual and mnestic functions;
• in psychiatry – for the treatment of depression and apathy in schizophrenia;
• in narcology – to relieve withdrawal symptoms;
• in pediatrics – for cerebral palsy and developmental delays.

Phenylpiracetam

It is a derivative of piracetam. Thanks to the phenyl ring, it penetrates the brain more easily and is absorbed faster.

Coluracetam

999 rub.

In addition, the drug retained all the nootropic properties of piracetam:

• stimulation of psychological activity;
• combating anxiety and seizures;
• stimulation of mental activity;
• improved concentration and attention;
• facilitated assimilation and memorization of information.

Suitable for people who want to increase their mental performance and concentration, and reduce the stress of thinking processes. When consumed, problems with insomnia, headaches, increased blood pressure and redness on the skin may occur.

With a calming effect

Many drugs from the group of nootropics have a calming effect on the central nervous system. The most popular among sedatives:

• Phenibut;
• Pantogam;
• Mexidol;
• Glycine;
• Noofen.

These nootropics calm the central nervous system by inhibiting neurotransmitters. The drugs quickly eliminate neurotic conditions in children, so they are often prescribed for sleep disorders, memory and hyperactivity. In case of overdose, they cause drowsiness.

Let us dwell separately on the drug Noofen, which simultaneously has the following effect:

• tranquilizer;
• psychostimulant;
• nootropic.

The drug is based on Phenibut, which helps improve performance during asthenia, both mental and physical, without side effects. It works well in eliminating vasovegetative symptoms: dizziness and headache, sudden mood swings, poor sleep.

Noofen combines well with sleeping pills, enhancing their effect. And has anticolvunsant properties.

Who are the drugs indicated for?

Now nootropics are prescribed to adults and children, because the range of their use is very wide. Medicines increase physical activity and endurance, therefore they are indicated for athletes and people involved in physical labor. They will help an elderly person correct age-related changes in memory, intelligence, and impairments due to dementia.

Schoolchildren and students will find medications useful for better assimilation of information during intense workloads and exams.

Nootropics are most often recommended for children for mental retardation, as well as for various disorders of the nervous system.

What other indications exist for taking medications? This:

1. chronic vascular insufficiency;
2. suffered a stroke and head injury;
3. neuroses, neurotic disorders;
4. vegetative-vascular dystonia;
5. stressful conditions, depression;

6. organic brain diseases;
7. alcoholism, drug addiction;
8. insomnia;
9. mental illness.

Even with urinary disorders that are caused by nervous disorders, nootropics can help. They are also prescribed for anemia, diseases of the eyes and spine.

To restore intelligence and memory

Since nootropics have a beneficial effect on cerebral circulation, they are most interesting as an effective means for preserving and restoring intelligence and memory, especially in old age.

Let's briefly look at two natural preparations:

1. 5-HTP is a dietary supplement based on tryptophan, a processed amino acid, that can be purchased without a prescription. It has been proven that a lack of tryptophan in the body negatively affects a person’s emotional state, causes insomnia and nightmares, and also reduces libido and causes sexual disorders.

The 5-NTR nootropic normalizes the level of serotonin, the “hormone of joy,” helping to eliminate all negative conditions caused by its deficiency.

2. Alpha GPC is a fatty acid that the body produces in small quantities. Present in some protein foods. Taking the drug helps:

1. Preserve and develop brain cells.
2. Produce growth hormone and improve physical strength.
3. Increase your focus and maintain a clear mind.
4. Recovery for patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke.

Side effects

Nootropics have a number of side effects, including:

• headache;
• insomnia;
• dizziness;
• skin allergic reactions;
• irritability, etc.

Most often, these conditions are associated with nootropic drug withdrawal syndrome. It can be easily avoided if you do not end the course of treatment abruptly, but gradually reduce the dosage.

Oxiracetam

The drug is a low-toxic derivative of regular piracetam, possessing all its properties with an increased degree of effectiveness. Positive characteristics of the drug:

• active stimulation of brain activity;
• increased focus;
• stimulation of rational thinking;
• a significant increase in the volume of short- and long-term memory;
• significant stimulation of psycho-emotional processes.

The drug is excellent for improving the ability to process, analyze and remember large amounts of information. Side effects may include dizziness and nausea.

Oxiracetam

RUR 3,099