Atmospheric pressure on ancient Earth was two times lower than today

Atmosphere pressure

- atmospheric pressure acting on all objects in it and the earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of an overlying column of air with a base area equal to one. On the earth's surface it varies depending on place and time[2]. Measured by a barometer.

The unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) is the pascal (Russian designation: Pa; international: Pa). In addition, in the Russian Federation, the bar, millimeter of mercury, millimeter of water, meter of water, kilogram-force per square centimeter and technical atmosphere are approved for use as non-system units of pressure[3]. Atmospheric pressure equal to the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm high at a temperature of 0 °C is called normal atmospheric pressure (101,325 )[2].

Story

The presence of atmospheric pressure led people to confusion in 1638, when the Duke of Tuscany's idea to decorate the gardens of Florence with fountains failed - the water did not rise above 10.3 meters. The search for the reasons for this and experiments with a heavier substance - mercury, undertaken by Evangelista Torricelli, led to the fact that in 1643 he proved that air has weight [4]. Together with V. Viviani, Torricelli conducted the first experiment in measuring atmospheric pressure, inventing the first mercury barometer - a glass tube in which there is no air. In such a tube, mercury rises to a height of about 760 mm[5].

Why do we feel this

On earth, the air pressure in the ear tympanum is equal to normal atmospheric pressure. And when the plane gains altitude, the pressure decreases, and a pressure difference arises, i.e. our eardrum becomes depressed. This is why we feel stuffy in the ear.

The most familiar example is the “blocking” of ears on an airplane during takeoff. How to alleviate this condition? There are options:

1. Open your mouth wide.
2. Make several swallowing movements.

Variability and influence on weather

On the earth's surface, atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and over time. Particularly important are the non-periodic changes in atmospheric pressure that determine the weather, associated with the emergence, development and destruction of slowly moving areas of high pressure (anticyclones) and relatively fast moving huge eddies (cyclones), in which low pressure prevails. Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure at sea level were noted within the range of 641 - 816 mm Hg. Art.[6] (inside the tornado the pressure drops and can reach 560 mm Hg)[7].

Under stationary conditions, atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, since it is created only by the overlying layer of the atmosphere. The dependence of pressure on altitude is described by the barometric formula[8].

On maps, atmospheric pressure is depicted using isobars - isolines connecting points with the same surface atmospheric pressure, necessarily reduced to sea level [9].

Atmospheric pressure is a very variable weather element. From its definition it follows that it depends on the height of the corresponding column of air, its density, and the acceleration of gravity, which varies with the latitude of the place and altitude above sea level.

Meteor dependence what to do?

The movement of mercury by more than one division in 3 hours is a reason for stress in the strong body of a healthy person. Each of us feels such fluctuations in the form of headaches, drowsiness, and fatigue. More than a third of people suffer from weather dependence to varying degrees of severity. In the zone of high sensitivity are populations with diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory systems, and elderly people. How to help yourself if a dangerous cyclone is approaching?

Read also: What is heart bypass surgery?

15 ways to survive a weather cyclone

There's not a lot of new advice here. It is believed that together they alleviate suffering and teach the correct way of life in case of weather vulnerability:

1. See your doctor regularly. Consult, discuss, ask for advice in case your health worsens. Always have prescribed medications on hand.
2. Buy a barometer. It is more productive to track the weather by the movement of the mercury column, rather than by knee pain. This way you will be able to anticipate the approaching cyclone.
3. Keep an eye on the weather forecast. Forewarned is forearmed.
4. On the eve of a weather change, get enough sleep and go to bed earlier than usual.
5. Adjust your sleep schedule. Provide yourself with a full 8 hours of sleep, getting up and falling asleep at the same time. This has a powerful restorative effect.
6. Meal schedule is equally important. Maintain a balanced diet. Potassium, magnesium and calcium are essential minerals. Ban on overeating.
7. Take vitamins in a course in spring and autumn.
8. Fresh air, walks outside - light and regular exercise strengthens the heart.
9. Don't overexert yourself. Putting off household chores is not as dangerous as weakening the body before a cyclone.
10. Accumulate favorable emotions. A depressed emotional background fuels the disease, so smile more often.
11. Clothes made from synthetic threads and fur are harmful due to static current.
12. Keep folk remedies for relieving symptoms in a list in a visible place. It’s hard to remember a recipe for herbal tea or a compress when your temples are aching.
13. Office workers in high-rise buildings suffer more often from weather changes. Take time off if possible, or better yet, change jobs.
14. A long cyclone means discomfort for several days. Is it possible to go to a quiet region? Forward.
15. Prevention at least a day before the cyclone prepares and strengthens the body. Do not give up!

Don't forget to take vitamins to improve your health

Atmospheric pressure is a phenomenon that is absolutely independent of humans. Moreover, our body obeys it. What the optimal pressure should be for a person is determined by the region of residence. People with chronic diseases are especially susceptible to weather dependence.

Standard pressure

In chemistry, standard atmospheric pressure

since 1982, according to IUPAC recommendations, a pressure of 100 k is considered [10]. Atmospheric pressure is one of the most significant characteristics of the state of the atmosphere. In a resting atmosphere, the pressure at any point is equal to the weight of the overlying column of air with a unit cross section.

In the GHS system 760 mmHg. Art. equivalent to 1.01325 bar (1013.25 mbar) or 101,325 Pa in the International System of Units (SI).

The static equation expresses the law of pressure change with height: -∆p=gρ∆z, where: p - pressure, g - gravitational acceleration, ρ - air density, ∆z - layer thickness. From the basic equation of statics it follows that as the height increases (∆z>0), the change in pressure is negative, that is, the pressure decreases. Strictly speaking, the basic equation of statics is valid only for a very thin (infinitely thin) layer of air ∆z. However, in practice it is applicable when the change in altitude is small enough relative to the approximate thickness of the atmosphere.

Pressure stage

The height to which one must rise or fall for the pressure to change by 1 hPa (hectopascal) is called the “pressure level”. The pressure stage is convenient to use when solving problems that do not require high accuracy, for example, to estimate pressure from a known height difference. Assuming that the atmosphere does not experience significant vertical acceleration (that is, it is in a quasi-static state), from the basic law of statics we obtain that the pressure level h is equal to:

h = -\Delta z/\Delta p = 1/g \rho.

At an air temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 1000 hPa, the pressure level is 8 / hPa. Therefore, for the pressure to decrease by 1 hPa, you need to rise 8 meters.

With increasing temperature and increasing altitude above sea level, it increases (in particular, by 0.4% for each degree of heating), that is, it is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to pressure. The reciprocal of the pressure level is the vertical pressure gradient, that is, the change in pressure when rising or falling by 100 meters. At a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 1000 hPa, it is equal to 12.5 hPa.

When the temperature decreases by 1 degree, the pressure increases by 0.28 mmHg. Art.

How to protect yourself

It is not possible to completely eliminate the influence of the atmosphere on everyday life. The weather is unpredictable every day, so you need to know everything about your health and take measures to alleviate the condition. Measures necessary for hypotensive patients:

• sleep well;
• take a contrast shower (changing the water temperature from warm to cool and vice versa);
• drink strong tea or natural coffee;
• harden the body;
• drink more clean water;
• take long walks in the fresh air;
• take natural medications that strengthen the immune system.

Atmospheric pressure has a greater effect on hypertensive patients. They can usually immediately sense an impending change in weather conditions. To reduce dependence on such changes, hypertensive patients need:

• do not be in the open sun;
• avoid overheating;
• exclude foods containing large amounts of caffeine from the diet; fatty foods;
• reduce daily physical activity;
• rest more;
• be sure to monitor blood pressure;
• take antihypertensive drugs.

Reduction to sea level

Many weather stations send out so-called “synoptic telegrams”, which indicate the pressure given

to sea level (see KN-01, METAR). This is done to ensure that the pressure is comparable at stations located at different altitudes, as well as for aviation needs. Reduced pressure is also used on synoptic maps.

When bringing pressure to sea level, use the abbreviated Laplace formula:

z_2 - z_1 = 18400 (1 + \lambda t) \lg (p_1 / p_2).

That is, knowing the pressure and temperature at level z_2, you can find the pressure p_1 at sea level z_1 = 0.

Calculation of pressure at height h from sea level pressure P_0 and air temperature T:

P = P_0 e^{-Mgh/RT},

where P_0 is pressure Pa at sea level [Pa]; M is the molar mass of dry air, M = 0.029 kg/mol; g—gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s²; R is the universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J/mol K; T is the absolute air temperature, , T = t + 273.15, where t is the Celsius temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (symbol: °C); h—height, m.

At low altitudes, every 12 m of ascent reduces atmospheric pressure by 1 mm Hg. Art. At high altitudes this pattern is violated[4].

Simpler calculations (without taking into account temperature) give:

P = P_0 (0.87)^h = P_0 \cdot 10^{-0.06 h}

Measurements and calculations show in complete agreement that with every kilometer rise above sea level, the pressure will drop by 0.1 part; the same applies to descending into deep mines below sea level - when lowering one kilometer, the pressure will increase by 0.1 of its value.

We are talking about a change of 0.1 from the value at the previous height. This means that when you rise by one kilometer, the pressure decreases to 0.9 (more precisely 0.87 [note 1]) of the pressure at sea level.

Weather forecasts and reports disseminated to the public via the Internet and radio use unreduced pressure, that is, the actual pressure at the local level.

Difficulties of working as a diver

Diving to depth is only possible in special diving suits, and a rubber suit is used for diving to no more than 40 m. Working at great depths is possible only in a hard suit, which takes on all the water pressure

When a diver spends a long time in conditions of high water pressure, part of the air he breathes dissolves in the blood. In this case, the nitrogen contained in the air is not used by the body, but accumulates in the blood. As it rises to the surface, nitrogen is released in the form of bubbles that can clog blood vessels. To prevent these problems from occurring, the diver is lifted very slowly!

If a diver worked for an hour at a depth of 30 m, then reaching the surface is carried out within an hour, and if the diver spent the same hour at a depth of 60 m, then the ascent lasts 6 hours!

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Notes

Sources

1. Peryshkin A.V.
   Measuring atmospheric pressure. Experience of Otto Guericke // Physics. 7th grade / E. N Tikhonova. — 16th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2013. - P. 190. - 189 p.
2. ↑ 12
   Atmospheric pressure // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. — 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
3. [www.fundmetrology.ru/depository/01_npa/po879.pdf#page=7 Regulations on units of quantities allowed for use in the Russian Federation] Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2009 N 879.
4. ↑ 12
   [class-fizika.narod.ru/7_davlatm.htm Atmospheric pressure]. Cool physics. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
5. [www.peoples.ru/science/physics/torricelli/ Biography of Evangelista Torricelli]. peoples.ru. Verified 2015=06=09.
6. [ria.ru/go_info/20110310/344548129.html Meteosensitivity: what is it and how to deal with it]. RIA News. Retrieved June 9, 2015. [www.webcitation.org/6IyMgEEz8 Archived from the original on August 19, 2013].
7. [www.pogoda.by/glossary/?nd=16&id=165 Smerch]. pogoda.by. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
8. Barometric formula // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. — 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
9. Isobars (in physics) // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. — 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
10. [goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html Standard pressure] (English). IUPAC. Retrieved August 18, 2013. [www.webcitation.org/6IyMkwJwI Archived from the original on August 19, 2013].

Footnotes

1. The formula assumes the temperature is the same at all altitudes. In fact, the temperature of the atmosphere changes with altitude according to a rather complex law. Nevertheless, the formula gives good results, and it can be used at altitudes of up to 50-100 kilometers. Thus, it is not difficult to determine that at the altitude of Elbrus - about 5.6 km - the pressure will drop by approximately half, and at an altitude of 22 km (the record height for the rise of a stratospheric balloon with people), the pressure will drop to 50 mm Hg. Art.

Links

• Atmospheric pressure
  : topical media files on Wikimedia Commons
• Atmospheric pressure // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

• Tropical seasons	Dry season • Rainy season
  Weather conditions	Thunderstorm (Snowstorm) • Lightning • Tornado • Waterspout • Tropical cyclone • Extratropical cyclone • Blizzard • Freezing rain • Dust storm • Firespout • Dust devil
  Precipitation	Drizzle • Rain • Snow • Grain • Hail • Dew • Hoarfrost • Frost • Ice
  Weather forecast and diary	Air temperature • Cloudiness • Wind • Wind direction • Atmospheric pressure • Relative humidity

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An excerpt characterizing Atmospheric Pressure

The first words he heard when he woke up were the words of the French escort officer, who hurriedly said: “We must stop here: the emperor will pass by now; it will give him pleasure to see these captive gentlemen. “There are so many prisoners these days, almost the entire Russian army, that he probably got bored with it,” said another officer. - Well, however! This one, they say, is the commander of the entire guard of Emperor Alexander,” said the first, pointing to a wounded Russian officer in a white cavalry uniform. Bolkonsky recognized Prince Repnin, whom he had met in St. Petersburg society. Next to him stood another, 19-year-old boy, also a wounded cavalry officer. Bonaparte, galloping up, stopped his horse. -Who is the eldest? - he said when he saw the prisoners. They named the colonel, Prince Repnin. – Are you the commander of the cavalry regiment of Emperor Alexander? - asked Napoleon. “I commanded a squadron,” answered Repnin. “Your regiment honestly fulfilled its duty,” said Napoleon. “The praise of a great commander is the best reward for a soldier,” said Repnin. “I give it to you with pleasure,” said Napoleon. -Who is this young man next to you? Prince Repnin named Lieutenant Sukhtelen. Looking at him, Napoleon said, smiling: “II est venu bien jeune se frotter a nous.” [He came young to compete with us.] “Youth doesn’t stop you from being brave,” Sukhtelen said in a breaking voice. “Excellent answer,” said Napoleon. - Young man, you will go far! Prince Andrei, who, to complete the trophy of the captives, was also put forward, in full view of the emperor, could not help but attract his attention. Napoleon apparently remembered that he had seen him on the field and, addressing him, used the same name of the young man - jeune homme, under which Bolkonsky was reflected in his memory for the first time. – Et vous, jeune homme? Well, what about you, young man? - he turned to him, - how do you feel, mon brave? Despite the fact that five minutes before this, Prince Andrei could say a few words to the soldiers carrying him, he now, directly fixing his eyes on Napoleon, was silent... All the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him at that moment, so petty seemed to him his hero himself, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, fair and kind sky that he saw and understood - that he could not answer him. And everything seemed so useless and insignificant in comparison with the strict and majestic structure of thought that was caused in him by the weakening of his strength from the bleeding, suffering and the imminent expectation of death. Looking into the eyes of Napoleon, Prince Andrei thought about the insignificance of greatness, about the insignificance of life, the meaning of which no one could understand, and about the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one living could understand and explain. The emperor, without waiting for an answer, turned away and, driving away, turned to one of the commanders: “Let them take care of these gentlemen and take them to my bivouac; let my doctor Larrey examine their wounds. Goodbye, Prince Repnin,” and he, moving his horse, galloped on. There was a radiance of self-satisfaction and happiness on his face. The soldiers who brought Prince Andrei and removed from him the golden icon they found, hung on his brother by Princess Marya, seeing the kindness with which the emperor treated the prisoners, hastened to return the icon. Prince Andrei did not see who put it on again or how, but on his chest, above his uniform, suddenly there was an icon on a small gold chain. “It would be good,” thought Prince Andrei, looking at this icon, which his sister hung on him with such feeling and reverence, “it would be good if everything were as clear and simple as it seems to Princess Marya. How nice it would be to know where to look for help in this life and what to expect after it, there, beyond the grave! How happy and calm I would be if I could now say: Lord, have mercy on me!... But to whom will I say this? Either the power is indefinite, incomprehensible, which I not only cannot address, but which I cannot express in words - the great all or nothing, - he said to himself, - or this is the God who is sewn up here, in this palm, Princess Marya? Nothing, nothing is true, except the insignificance of everything that is clear to me, and the greatness of something incomprehensible, but most important! The stretcher started moving. With each push he again felt unbearable pain; the feverish state intensified, and he began to become delirious. Those dreams of his father, wife, sister and future son and the tenderness that he experienced on the night before the battle, the figure of the small, insignificant Napoleon and the high sky above all this, formed the main basis of his feverish ideas. A quiet life and calm family happiness in Bald Mountains seemed to him. He was already enjoying this happiness when suddenly little Napoleon appeared with his indifferent, limited and happy look at the misfortune of others, and doubts and torment began, and only the sky promised peace. By morning, all the dreams mixed up and merged into the chaos and darkness of unconsciousness and oblivion, which, in the opinion of Larrey himself, Doctor Napoleon, were much more likely to be resolved by death than by recovery. “C’est un sujet nerveux et bilieux,” said Larrey, “il n’en rechappera pas.” [This is a nervous and bilious man, he will not recover.] Prince Andrei, among other hopeless wounded, was handed over to the care of the residents. At the beginning of 1806, Nikolai Rostov returned on vacation. Denisov was also going home to Voronezh, and Rostov persuaded him to go with him to Moscow and stay in their house. At the penultimate station, having met a comrade, Denisov drank three bottles of wine with him and, approaching Moscow, despite the potholes of the road, he did not wake up, lying at the bottom of the relay sleigh, near Rostov, which, as it approached Moscow, came more and more to impatience. “Is it soon? Soon? Oh, these unbearable streets, shops, rolls, lanterns, cab drivers!” thought Rostov, when they had already signed up for their holidays at the outpost and entered Moscow. - Denisov, we’ve arrived! Sleeping! - he said, leaning forward with his whole body, as if by this position he hoped to speed up the movement of the sleigh. Denisov did not respond. “Here is the corner of the intersection where Zakhar the cabman stands; Here he is Zakhar, and still the same horse. Here is the shop where they bought gingerbread. Soon? Well! - To which house? - asked the coachman. - Yes, over there at the end, how can you not see! This is our home,” said Rostov, “after all, this is our home!” Denisov! Denisov! We'll come now. Denisov raised his head, cleared his throat and did not answer. “Dmitry,” Rostov turned to the footman in the irradiation room. - After all, this is our fire? “That’s exactly how daddy’s office is lit up.” – Haven’t gone to bed yet? A? How do you think? “Don’t forget to get me a new Hungarian at once,” Rostov added, feeling the new mustache. “Come on, let’s go,” he shouted to the coachman. “Wake up, Vasya,” he turned to Denisov, who lowered his head again. - Come on, let's go, three rubles for vodka, let's go! - Rostov shouted when the sleigh was already three houses away from the entrance. It seemed to him that the horses were not moving. Finally the sleigh took to the right towards the entrance; Above his head, Rostov saw a familiar cornice with chipped plaster, a porch, a sidewalk pillar. He jumped out of the sleigh as he walked and ran into the hallway. The house also stood motionless, unwelcoming, as if it did not care about who came to it. There was no one in the hallway. "My God! is everything alright? thought Rostov, stopping for a minute with a sinking heart and immediately starting to run further along the entryway and familiar, crooked steps. The same door handle of the castle, for the uncleanness of which the countess was angry, also opened weakly. One tallow candle was burning in the hallway. Old man Mikhail was sleeping on the chest. Prokofy, the traveling footman, the one who was so strong that he could lift the carriage by the back, sat and knitted bast shoes from the edges. He looked at the opened door, and his indifferent, sleepy expression suddenly transformed into an enthusiastically frightened one. - Fathers, lights! Young Count! – he cried out, recognizing the young master. - What is this? My darling! - And Prokofy, shaking with excitement, rushed to the door to the living room, probably to make an announcement, but apparently changed his mind again, returned back and fell on the young master’s shoulder. -Are you healthy? - Rostov asked, pulling his hand away from him. - God bless! All glory to God! We just ate it now! Let me look at you, Your Excellency! - Is everything all right? - Thank God, thank God! Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, took off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into the dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young master, and before he had time to reach the living room, something quickly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, same creature jumped out of another, third door; more hugs, more kisses, more screams, tears of joy. He couldn’t make out where and who dad was, who was Natasha, who was Petya. Everyone was screaming, talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that. - I didn’t know... Nikolushka... my friend! - Here he is... ours... My friend, Kolya... He has changed! No candles! Tea! - Yes, kiss me! - Darling... and then me. Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, hugged him; and people and maids, filling the rooms, muttered and gasped. Petya hung on his legs. - And then me! - he shouted. Natasha, after she had bent him to her and kissed his whole face, jumped away from him and holding onto the hem of his Hungarian jacket, jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed shrilly.